Game Mechanic Compendium
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Sources

866 distinct works cited across 191 entries. Canonical reference works are listed in the project's source registry and cited by key; game rulebooks and one-off sources are cited inline. URLs appear only where they have been checked. Also available as sources.json.

Books

  1. Alice Bertha Gomme. (1894). The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol. I. David Nutt.
    Cited by 2: Dexterity (Fivestones, p. 122; Huckle-bones, p. 239), Side Conversion (Chickidy Hand, p. 67; Cock, pp. 72–73; King Caesar, p. 299; King of Cantland, p. 300; Lamploo, pp. 325–326)
  2. Alice Bertha Gomme. (1898). The Traditional Games of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol. II. David Nutt.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion (Rax, p. 106; Relievo, p. 107; Stag, pp. 212–214; Memoir on the study of children's games, pp. 482–483)
  3. Antonio Scaino. (1555). Trattato del giuoco della palla. Gabriel Giolito de' Ferrari.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping (Part One, ch. 2, pp. 15–16; ch. 4, p. 25; ch. 5, p. 28)
  4. Arpad E. Elo. (1978). The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present. Arco.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  5. Augustus Mayhew and Henry Mayhew. (1850). Acting Charades, or, Deeds not Words.
    Cited by 1: Clue Giving (Introduction, pp. v-vi)
  6. Bernard S. Mason and Elmer D. Mitchell. (1935). Social Games for Recreation.
    Cited by 1: Rerolls (Yacht, pp. 65-66 (scan of a 1942 printing))
  7. Cameron Browne. (2005). Connection Games: Variations on a Theme.
    Cited by 1: Connection Games (Part I, Defining Connection (chapters 1 to 6); Part II, The Games)
  8. Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. (1881). Cassell's Book of In-door Amusements, Card Games, and Fireside Fun.
    Cited by 2: Pattern Recognition (Snap, p. 144 (third edition)), Player Elimination (Musical Chair, p. 35; Ranter Go Round, p. 125; Snip-Snap-Snorum, p. 136 (third edition))
  9. Charles Cotton. (1674). The Compleat Gamester.
    Cited by 1: Team Play (Ch. XI, English Ruff and Honours, and Whist, p. 114; Ch. II, billiards)
  10. Charles Cotton. (1676). The Compleat Gamester.
    Cited by 1: Hand Management (Ch. XI, English Ruff and Honours, and Whist, p. 114 (1676 printing))
  11. Charlotte Sophia Burne (from the collections of Georgina F. Jackson). (1886). Shropshire Folk-Lore.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion (Games of Strife and Skill, Stag-warning, p. 523)
  12. Chris Crawford. (2004). Chris Crawford on Interactive Storytelling. New Riders.
    Cited by 2: Branching Dialogue, Multiple Endings
  13. Christopher W. Totten. (2014). An Architectural Approach to Level Design.
    Cited by 1: Map Markers and Waypoints
  14. David Parlett. (1990). The Oxford Guide to Card Games. Oxford University Press. Trick-taking, vying, and rummy families and their histories.
    Cited by 6: Betting (Chapter on vying games (primero, brag, poker)), Contract Bidding, Set Collection (Chapters on rummy games), Team Play, Trick-Taking, Victory Points (Cribbage)
  15. David Parlett. (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press. Race, space, chase, and displace games; the standard reference for classic board mechanics.
    Cited by 8: Alignment Games (Part on space games, chapter on games of alignment and configuration (morris family)), Doubling Cube (Race games chapters (the tables family and modern backgammon)), Handicapping (Part on space games (Go)), Piece Capture (Chase games and displace games chapters (tafl, draughts, chess)), Promotion (Part on war games (chess and its relatives, draughts)), Race to the Finish (Chapters 1 to 5, race games), Roll and Move (Race games chapters (tables family and the Game of the Goose)), Sowing (Chapter on mancala)
  16. Doris Webster and Mary Alden Hopkins. (1930). Consider the Consequences!. The Century Co..
    Cited by 1: Multiple Endings (Section I, Helen: the first crisis and paragraphs H-1 and H-2)
  17. Editors of Consumer Guide. (1982). How to Win at Pac-Man. Pocket Books.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups (Introduction; Tip One: Elements of the Game; Tip Eight: Fake-Outs; Tip Ten: Don't Eat the Last Dot)
  18. Edmond Hoyle. (1742). A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist.
    Cited by 1: Limited Communication (The Laws of the Game at Whist, pp. 7-10; Law 6, p. 9)
  19. Ernest Adams and Joris Dormans. (2012). Game Mechanics: Advanced Game Design. New Riders. Source for feedback-loop terminology and the Machinations framework.
    Cited by 4: Engine Building (Chapter 7 (Design Patterns), engine patterns; Appendix B (Design Pattern Library)), Experience Levels, Lock and Key (Chapter 11, Progression Mechanisms: Lock-and-Key Mechanisms; Chapter 10, Missions and Game Spaces), Resource Conversion (Chapter 5 (Machinations), converters)
  20. Francis Palgrave (editor). (1836). The Antient Kalendars and Inventories of the Treasury of His Majesty's Exchequer, volume 2. Commissioners on the Public Records.
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games (16 Henry VI, indenture of 14 March, No. 17, p. 172)
  21. Geoffrey Engelstein and Isaac Shalev. (2019). Building Blocks of Tabletop Game Design: An Encyclopedia of Mechanisms. CRC Press. Second edition 2022. Primary reference for board-game mechanism definitions.
    Cited by 48: Action Points (Actions chapter: Action Points), Area Control (Area Control chapter), Auction and Bidding (Auctions chapter), Clue Giving (Communication Limits), Cooperative Play (Game Structure chapter: Cooperative Games), Deck-Building (Card Mechanisms chapter), Dexterity (Resolution chapter), Dice Placement (Worker Placement chapter), Drafting (Card Mechanisms chapter), End-Game Triggers (Game End and Victory chapter), Engine Building, Grid Movement (Movement chapter), Hand Management (Card Mechanisms chapter), Hidden Movement Pursuit (Movement chapter), Hidden Roles (Uncertainty chapter), Hidden Scoring (Game End and Victory chapter), Income (Economics chapter), Legacy Campaign (Game Structure chapter), Limited Communication (Communication Limits), Loans and Debt (Economics chapter), Markets (Economics chapter), Network and Route Building (Area Control chapter), One Versus Many (Game Structure chapter), Player Elimination (Game End and Victory chapter), Player Judge (Resolution chapter), Push Your Luck (Uncertainty chapter), Real-Time Play (Turn Order and Structure chapter), Rerolls (Resolution chapter), Resource Conversion (Economics chapter), Role Selection (Turn Order and Structure chapter), Roll and Move (Movement chapter), Rondel (Actions chapter), Semi-Cooperative (Game Structure chapter), Set Collection (Set Collection chapter), Simultaneous Action Selection (Turn Order and Structure chapter), Skill Trees (Actions chapter), Stock Holding (Economics chapter), Team Play (Game Structure chapter), Tile Placement (Area Control chapter), Time Track (Turn Order and Structure chapter), Trading (Economics chapter), Traitor (Game Structure chapter), Trick-Taking (Card Mechanisms chapter), Upkeep and Attrition (Economics chapter), Variable Player Powers (Actions chapter), Victory Points (Game End and Victory chapter), Voting (Resolution chapter), Worker Placement (Worker Placement chapter)
  22. George Skaff Elias, Richard Garfield, and K. Robert Gutschera. (2012). Characteristics of Games. MIT Press.
    Cited by 7: Alliances, Ball Possession, Deal-Making, Game Clocks, Hand Management, Rating and Matchmaking, Tournament Formats
  23. Greg Costikyan. (2013). Uncertainty in Games. MIT Press.
    Cited by 7: Betting (Chapter on uncertainty of outcome and hidden information, with poker as the example), Bluff and Challenge (Hidden information and player unpredictability), Constraint Logic Puzzles (Solver's uncertainty (sources of uncertainty)), Deduction (Hidden information and solver's uncertainty (sources of uncertainty)), Fog of War (Hidden information (sources of uncertainty)), Push Your Luck (Chapter on randomness as a source of uncertainty), Random Tables
  24. H. G. Wells. (1913). Little Wars.
    Cited by 1: Victory Points (Chapter II; Chapter III, The Rules, Varieties of the Battle-Game)
  25. H. J. R. Murray. (1913). A History of Chess.
    Cited by 1: Promotion (Chapters on shatranj and on the reform of the moves in medieval Europe)
  26. H. J. R. Murray. (1952). A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess. Clarendon Press. Race, war, hunt, and mancala games across cultures.
    Cited by 8: Alignment Games (Chapter 3, Games of Alinement and Configuration), Handicapping (Chapter on war games (wei-ch'i and Go)), Hunt Games (Chapter 5, Hunt-games, p. 98), Piece Capture (Games in the ancient world chapter (petteia, latrunculi); War-games and Hunt-games chapters), Promotion (Chapter on war games (alquerque and draughts)), Race to the Finish (Games in the ancient world chapter; Race-games chapter), Roll and Move (Chapter on race games), Sowing (Mancala, parts I and II chapters)
  27. Hesiod, translated by H. G. Evelyn-White. (1914). Theogony.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose (lines 535-557)
  28. James F. Dunnigan. (1980). The Complete Wargames Handbook. William Morrow. Revised edition 1992 (Quill); third edition 2000. Supply, morale, victory conditions, and sequence of play in hex-and-counter wargames.
    Cited by 4: End-Game Triggers (Chapter on how wargames work, sections on game length and victory conditions), Morale and Rout (Chapter on how wargames work, sections on morale and combat results), Supply Lines (Section on supply), Victory Points (Chapter 2, section 14, glossary entry Victory Conditions; Chapter 4, The Drive on Metz, rule 2.4 (as read in the 2000 third edition))
  29. Jason Rosenhouse and Laura Taalman. (2011). Taking Sudoku Seriously.
    Cited by 1: Constraint Logic Puzzles (Chapter on the history of Sudoku and Latin squares)
  30. Jeff Howard. (2008). Quests: Design, Theory, and History in Games and Narratives. A K Peters.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  31. Jerry Slocum and Dic Sonneveld. (2006). The 15 Puzzle: How It Drove the World Crazy.
    Cited by 1: Sliding and Pushing Block Puzzles (Chapters on the puzzle's invention and the 1880 craze)
  32. Jesper Juul. (2010). A Casual Revolution: Reinventing Video Games and Their Players. MIT Press.
    Cited by 1: Match-Three (Chapter on downloadable casual games and matching tile games)
  33. Jesper Juul. (2013). The Art of Failure: An Essay on the Pain of Playing Video Games. MIT Press. Failure, difficulty, and punishment in game design.
    Cited by 3: Boss Encounters (Discussion of failure, repetition, and learning through retries), Checkpoints and Saves (Discussion of punishment for failure and the cost of repeating play), Difficulty Settings (Difficulty, failure, and skill)
  34. John Jamieson. (1825). Supplement to the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, Vol. II. W. & C. Tait.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion (King of Cantland, pp. 18–19)
  35. John Jamieson (revised by John Longmuir and David Donaldson). (1880). An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language, new edition, Vol. III. Alexander Gardner.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion (King of Cantland; King's Covenanter)
  36. John Szczepaniak. (2014). The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers, Volume 1.
    Cited by 1: Stealth and Detection (p. 7 (page as cited in Wikipedia's Stealth game article))
  37. Jon Peterson. (2012). Playing at the World. Unreason Press. Second edition, MIT Press, 2024. Primary history of early tabletop RPG mechanics.
    Cited by 25: Base Building (Strongholds, baronies, and the high-level endgame of original Dungeons & Dragons), Combat Results Tables (Section on Avalon Hill, Charles Roberts, and the combat results table), Cooperative Play, Critical Hits (Discussion of Empire of the Petal Throne and early combat variants), Damage Types and Resistances (Chainmail fantasy creatures and the original Dungeons & Dragons monster roster), Equipment and Loadouts, Experience Levels (Chapter 4 (The Character), on experience and advancement), Exploration Procedures (Discussion of the dungeon turn, Outdoor Survival, and wilderness adventures), Fog of War, Grid Movement (Discussion of Avalon Hill, Charles S. Roberts, and the adoption of the hex grid), Hit Points (Chapter 3 (The System), discussion of damage and hit points in Chainmail and Blackmoor), Initiative Order (Sections on Chainmail's turn sequence and the 1974 combat rules), Inventory and Encumbrance, Legacy Campaign (Sections on Braunstein, Blackmoor, and campaign play), Loot Tables, Morale and Rout (Chapter 3, on Chainmail's morale and post-melee rules), Morality Systems, Quest Structures, Random Tables, Referee Adjudication (Sections on free Kriegsspiel, Braunstein, and the Twin Cities referee), Saving Throws (Chapter 3, on Chainmail's magic rules and the saving throw), Status Effects (Chapter 3 (The System), discussion of spell effects and monster special abilities), Target Numbers, Variable Player Powers (Sections on character classes in the 1974 rules), Zone of Control (Discussion of Avalon Hill's hex wargames and their conventions)
  38. Jon Peterson. (2020). The Elusive Shift: How Role-Playing Games Forged Their Identity. MIT Press. 1970s role-playing discourse on task resolution, referees, and tables.
    Cited by 3: Random Tables, Referee Adjudication, Target Numbers
  39. Joseph Strutt. (1810). The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (second edition). White and Co., Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, and others.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion (Book IV, section III, Harry-racket, p. 337)
  40. Joseph Strutt (edited by J. Charles Cox). (1903). The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (new edition).
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games (Sedentary games: Fox and Geese, pp. 258-259)
  41. Joseph Strutt (edited by William Hone). (1845). The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. Thomas Tegg.
    Cited by 2: Dexterity (Book IV, Chapter IV, section V, Marbles and span-counter), Side Conversion (Book IV, Chapter IV, section III, Harry-racket)
  42. Juanita Jones, Russell Phoenix, Jimmy Monkerface, and Damien Waples (Prima Games). (2001). EverQuest Players Guide.
    Cited by 3: Death Penalty (Chapter Five, Dying (Binding; Self-looting; Corpse-dragging; How Long Will My Corpse Last?); glossary, Resurrect; conduct rules, Bind-point/Corpse Camping), Group Finder (Organizing a Party; Commands (/who)), Loot Distribution (Groups: Splitting the Loot, Splitting Money, Splitting Items; EverQuest Ground Rules, Play Nice Policies: Ninjalooting)
  43. Julius von Verdy du Vernois. (1876). Beitrag zum Kriegsspiel.
    Cited by 1: Referee Adjudication
  44. Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman. (2004). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT Press.
    Cited by 4: Audience Participation (Games as Social Play chapter), Branching Dialogue (Games as Narrative Play), Cooperate or Defect (chapter 19, Games as Game Theory Systems (p. 230)), Multiple Endings (Games as Narrative Play)
  45. Keith Johnstone. (1999). Impro for Storytellers. Faber and Faber.
    Cited by 1: Audience Participation
  46. Kiri Miller. (2012). Playing Along: Digital Games, YouTube, and Virtual Performance. Oxford University Press.
    Cited by 1: Rhythm Action (Part Two: Playing Along with Guitar Hero and Rock Band (chs. 3–4))
  47. Laurence Russ. (1984). Mancala Games.
    Cited by 1: Sowing
  48. Marcel Mauss. (1925). Essai sur le don (The Gift).
    Cited by 1: Gifting
  49. Melissa Tyler. (2001). Prima's Official Strategy Guide: Ultima Online, Lord Blackthorn's Revenge. Prima Games.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Detect Hidden; Vendors, Location)
  50. Michael Lummis and Danielle Vanderlip. (2004). World of Warcraft: Official Strategy Guide. BradyGames.
    Cited by 8: Appointment Mechanics (Glossary of Terms: Rest), Exploration Procedures (Flight Paths), Interrupts and Reactions (Rogue chapter, abilities (Kick); Mage chapter, spells (Counterspell)), Inventory and Encumbrance (Banking; Hunter chapter (ammunition container)), Loot Distribution (An Introduction to MMORPGs: Etiquette in the World of Warcraft, Treasure Distribution; The Basics of Party Dynamics, What's a Party (p. 22): Loot Systems Explained), Resource Gathering (An Introduction to MMORPGs: Etiquette in the World of Warcraft, Resources; Crafting Professions: Basic Concepts (skill colours), Gatherer Professions (Herbalism, Mining, Skinning)), Skill Trees (Using Your Talent Points; Druid chapter, talents (Feral Charge)), Status Effects (Glossary of Terms (Debuff, Dispel); Druid, Priest and Paladin chapters, spell tables)
  51. Michael Lummis and Elizabeth M. Hollinger with Edwin Kern and Kathleen Pleet (BradyGames). (2003). Final Fantasy XI Official Strategy Guide.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution (Glossary: Bidding; etiquette for hunting special items)
  52. P. A. MacMahon. (1921). New Mathematical Pastimes.
    Cited by 1: Tile Placement (Part I; Section 17, Square Pastimes, p. 23)
  53. Parke H. Davis. (1911). Football: The American Intercollegiate Game.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (pp. 71-80; Appendix, pp. 461-470 and 493)
  54. Paul Magriel. (1976). Backgammon.
    Cited by 1: Doubling Cube (Chapters on the doubling cube)
  55. People's Computer Company. (1975). What to Do After You Hit Return.
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver (Star Trader (program listing and instructions))
  56. Piggyback Interactive. (2010). Assassin's Creed Brotherhood: The Complete Official Guide. Piggyback Interactive.
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending (Multiplayer chapter, Basics: Game Principles, Onscreen Display (c. p. 156); game mode tables)
  57. Professor Hoffmann. (1909). Hoyle's Games Modernized.
    Cited by 2: Pattern Building (Poker Patience, pp. 267-268; preface to the revised edition of 1909, p. vii), Rerolls (Backgammon, pp. 273-274)
  58. R. C. Bell. (1969). Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations, volume 1 (second edition). Oxford University Press.
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games (Chapter Two, War games, section 4: The tafl group, pp. 75-82)
  59. R. F. Foster. (1897). Foster's Complete Hoyle.
    Cited by 3: Push Your Luck (Dice Games, Vingt-et-un, p. 572), Rerolls (Dice, Poker Dice, pp. 569-570, and Ten Pins with Dice, p. 570 (third edition scan)), Set Collection (Conquian, from p. 448; Authors, p. 469 (archive.org scan))
  60. R. F. Foster. (1914). Foster's Complete Hoyle (revised to October 1914).
    Cited by 1: Bluff and Challenge (I Doubt It, p. 695 (per the index))
  61. R. F. Foster. (1914). Foster's Complete Hoyle (revised and enlarged to October 1914).
    Cited by 3: Push Your Luck (Copyright page), Rerolls (Copyright page), Set Collection (Copyright page)
  62. Raph Koster. (2004). A Theory of Fun for Game Design. Paraglyph Press. Second edition 2013.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Recognition (How the Brain Works)
  63. Richard A. Bartle. (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders.
    Cited by 3: Death Penalty (Chapter 5, Life in the Virtual World: Alternatives to Permanent Death (pp. 558-562 of the Creative Commons PDF); p. 590), Full-Loot Loss (Chapter 1 (Habitat, Island of Kesmai, Meridian 59); Chapter 5, Life in the Virtual World, pp. 541, 560, 570 and 590), Security Zones (Chapter 5, Life in the Virtual World, pp. 545-546 (p. 555 of the Creative Commons PDF))
  64. Richard Carew. (1602). The Survey of Cornwall.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (Book I, hurling section (Gutenberg page marker [74] and following))
  65. Robert Axelrod. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation.
    Cited by 1: Cooperate or Defect
  66. Robert Baden-Powell. (1908). Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. Horace Cox.
    Cited by 1: Memory (Games and Practices, Kim's Game, p. 54 (Scout Book Club facsimile of the first edition))
  67. Robert Baden-Powell. (1910). Scouting for Boys (third edition).
    Cited by 1: Memory (Kim's Game, p. 51)
  68. Rudyard Kipling. (1901). Kim.
    Cited by 1: Memory (Chapter 9, the Play of the Jewels)
  69. Ryan B. Hayward with Bjarne Toft. (2019). Hex: The Full Story.
    Cited by 1: Connection Games (Chapters on Hein's Polygon and Nash's independent discovery)
  70. Scott Rogers. (2014). Level Up! The Guide to Great Video Game Design. Wiley. Second edition; first edition 2010. HUD and maps, lives and game over, combat and aiming.
    Cited by 3: Aim and Recoil (Combat chapter, shooting, aiming, and targeting), Lives and Continues (Lives, extra lives, and game over), Map Markers and Waypoints
  71. Shannon Appelcline. (2014). Designers & Dragons: A History of the Roleplaying Game Industry. Evil Hat Productions. Four-volume second edition; first edition Mongoose Publishing, 2011. Publisher-by-publisher RPG history.
    Cited by 13: Aspects and Tags (Volume on the 1990s, Atlas Games chapter; volume on the 2000s, Evil Hat Productions chapter), Downtime Phases (Chaosium (Pendragon); Lion Rampant (Ars Magica)), GM Moves, Hit Location (Chaosium chapter (volume 1, the 1970s), RuneQuest), Lifepath Character Generation (Volume on the 1970s, Game Designers' Workshop chapter (Traveller); volume on the 1980s, R. Talsorian Games chapter), Opposed Rolls (Chaosium), Player-Authored Goals (Volume 4 (the 2000s)), Point-Buy (Volume on the 1980s, Hero Games and Steve Jackson Games chapters), Relationship Systems, Sanity (Volume on the 1970s, Chaosium chapter), Scene Framing (Adept Press; the Forge and the independent movement), Shared Narration (Volume 4, chapters on the Forge-era independent publishers), Traitor (West End Games chapter, Paranoia)
  72. Solomon M. Stein. (2021). The Origins of Money in Diablo II (in The Invisible Hand in Virtual Worlds, ed. Matthew McCaffrey). Cambridge University Press.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency (Chapter 5, pp. 105-132)
  73. Stefan Fatsis. (2001). Word Freak: Heartbreak, Triumph, Genius, and Obsession in the World of Competitive Scrabble Players.
    Cited by 1: Word Building (Chapters on Butts and the design of the letter distribution)
  74. Steve Swink. (2009). Game Feel: A Game Designer’s Guide to Virtual Sensation. Morgan Kaufmann. Input response, jump arcs, and timing windows.
    Cited by 7: Aim and Recoil (Chapters on input, response, and real-time control), Combo Systems, Hitboxes and Hurtboxes (Chapters on simulation and polish, discussion of collision and response), Parry and Dodge Windows (Chapters on human perception and response), Physics Puzzles (Chapters on simulation and perceived physics), Platforming (Super Mario Brothers case study and the chapters on input response and jump mechanics), Quick-Time Events
  75. Steven J. Brams and Alan D. Taylor. (1996). Fair Division: From Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose (Chapter 1, Proportionality for n=2; Chapter 4, Envy-freeness and equitability for n=2)
  76. Steven L. Kent. (2001). The Ultimate History of Video Games.
    Cited by 1: Quick-Time Events (Dragon's Lair and the laserdisc games of 1983)
  77. Stewart Woods. (2012). Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games. McFarland.
    Cited by 4: Engine Building, Network and Route Building, Tile Placement, Worker Placement
  78. Tanya X. Short and Tarn Adams (editors). (2017). Procedural Generation in Game Design. CRC Press.
    Cited by 1: Procedural Generation
  79. Tuesday Frase and Melissa Tyler. (1997). Origin's Official Guide to Ultima Online. Prima Publishing.
    Cited by 2: Resource Gathering (Skill Descriptions: Lumberjacking (p. 79), Mining (p. 82); Economics: Resource System, Resource Bank (p. 108)), Shared Holdings (Hints, Ships)
  80. Tuesday Frase and Melissa Tyler (Origin Systems). (1998). Ultima Online The Second Age Official Strategy Guide. Prima Publishing.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Miscellaneous; Storage Containers)
  81. Tynan Sylvester. (2013). Designing Games: A Guide to Engineering Experiences. O'Reilly Media.
    Cited by 1: Needs and Moods (Chapter on emergence and story)
  82. Wayne Gibson and Matthew Whisker (Namco Bandai Partners). (2010). Demon's Souls (Black Phantom Edition) Strategy Guide.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions (Online Mode, pp. 45-46: Blue Eye Stone, Black Eye Stone, Red Eye Stone; Basics of PvP)
  83. Willard Fiske. (1905). Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature. Florentine Typographical Society.
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games (Stray notes: Fox-and-geese (refskák), pp. 146-156; the Alfonsine manuscript, pp. 98-99, 254)

Papers

  1. Aaron Drummond and James D. Sauer. (2018). Video game loot boxes are psychologically akin to gambling.
    Cited by 1: Loot Boxes and Gacha (Nature Human Behaviour 2)
  2. April Grow, Melanie Dickinson, Johnathan Pagnutti, Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Michael Mateas. (2017). Crafting in Games. Digital Humanities Quarterly 11.4.
    Cited by 1: Item Modification (Recipe Definition, para. 40; Variable Outcome, paras. 79-85)
  3. Ben Medler. (2009). Generations of Game Analytics, Achievements and High Scores. Eludamos 3(2).
    Cited by 1: High-Score Tables (p. 180)
  4. Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer. (1991). The Lessons of Lucasfilm's Habitat. MIT Press (in Cyberspace, First Steps, ed. Michael Benedikt).
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss (The Great Debate; Current Status)
  5. David Zendle and Paul Cairns. (2018). Video game loot boxes are linked to problem gambling.
    Cited by 1: Loot Boxes and Gacha (PLOS ONE 13(11))
  6. Dennis G. Jerz. (2007). Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave. Digital Humanities Quarterly 1.2.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  7. Edward Castronova and Joshua Fairfield. (2007). Dragon Kill Points: A Summary Whitepaper. SSRN.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  8. Hugo Steinhaus. (1948). The Problem of Fair Division.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose (Econometrica 16 (1), pp. 101-104)
  9. Jesper Juul. (2007). Swap Adjacent Gems to Make Sets of Three: A History of Matching Tile Games. Artifact 1(4). Lineage of Tetris, Shariki, and Bejeweled.
    Cited by 1: Match-Three
  10. Jesper Juul. (2009). Fear of Failing? The Many Meanings of Difficulty in Video Games. The Video Game Theory Reader 2 (Routledge).
    Cited by 2: Lives and Continues (Typology of punishment (energy, life, game termination, setback)), Permadeath
  11. Joris Dormans. (2010). Adventures in Level Design: Generating Missions and Spaces for Action Adventure Games.
    Cited by 1: Lock and Key
  12. Juho Hamari and Veikko Eranti. (2011). Framework for Designing and Evaluating Game Achievements. Proceedings of DiGRA 2011 Conference: Think Design Play.
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  13. Krista-Lee Malone. (2009). Dragon Kill Points. Games and Culture 4(3), SAGE.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  14. Lina Eklund and Magnus Johansson. (2010). Social Play? A study of social interaction in temporary group formation (PUG) in World of Warcraft. Nordic DiGRA 2010.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (A brief history of LFG in WoW; results and discussion)
  15. Lina Eklund and Magnus Johansson. (2013). Played and Designed Sociality in a Massive Multiplayer Online Game. Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 7(1).
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Sections 3 (Dungeons in World of Warcraft), 5.1 to 5.3, and 6 (Discussion))
  16. Martijn J. van den Assem, Dennie van Dolder, and Richard H. Thaler. (2012). Split or Steal? Cooperative Behavior When the Stakes Are Large.
    Cited by 1: Cooperate or Defect (Management Science 58(1): 2–20; doi:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1413)
  17. Mia Consalvo. (2011). Using Your Friends: Social Mechanics in Social Games.
    Cited by 1: Gifting (Section 4.2, Gifts)
  18. Michael Cook, Adam Summerville, and Simon Colton. (2017). Off The Beaten Lane: AI Challenges In MOBAs Beyond Player Control. arXiv (1706.03122).
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting (Challenges: Inventing Techniques & Discovering Exploits)
  19. Mikael Jakobsson. (2011). The Achievement Machine: Understanding Xbox 360 Achievements in Gaming Practices. Game Studies 11(1).
    Cited by 1: Achievements (The Xbox Live Achievement System; The History and Impact of Achievements)
  20. Nicolás Martínez Sáez. (2026). De la montería al tablero: cacería y juego en la corte de Alfonso X.
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games (Section 2 and note 9 (Libro de los juegos, fol. 92r))
  21. Phillipa Avery, Julian Togelius, Elvis Alistar, and Robert Pieter van Leeuwen. (2011). Computational Intelligence and Tower Defence Games.
    Cited by 1: Tower Defence Pathing (IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, section defining the genre)
  22. Ralf Herbrich, Tom Minka, and Thore Graepel. (2006). TrueSkill: A Bayesian Skill Rating System. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 19.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  23. Scott Nicholson. (2015). Peeking Behind the Locked Door: A Survey of Escape Room Facilities.
    Cited by 1: Escape Room Puzzles (Sections on history and on puzzle structures)
  24. Simon Ferrari. (2013). From Generative to Conventional Play: MOBA and League of Legends. Proceedings of DiGRA 2013: DeFragging Game Studies.
    Cited by 2: Lane Pushing (Introduction; pp. 3–4 (DotA lineage and the map); Opening phase, Laning phase and Endgame (pp. 7–14)), Last Hitting (Conventions of League of Legends: Laning phase; Uncertainty in the lane)
  25. Sultan A. Alharthi, Olaa Alsaedi, Zachary O. Toups, Theresa Jean Tanenbaum, and Jessica Hammer. (2018). Playing to Wait: A Taxonomy of Idle Games. CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Idle and incremental game structures, including prestige and offline progress.
    Cited by 2: Appointment Mechanics (Taxonomy of idle games; progress rate and interactivity), Prestige Resets (Taxonomy of idle games; discussion of resets and prestige)
  26. Todd Neller (Gettysburg College). (2011). Approximating Optimal Dudo Play with Fixed-Strategy Iteration Counterfactual Regret Minimization.
    Cited by 1: Bluff and Challenge
  27. William J. Broderick. (2012). The Holy Trinity: Creating Definitions, Defining Creations.
    Cited by 1: Team Play (Meaningful Play 2012 proceedings)

Articles

  1. 2K and Firaxis Games. (2016). Civilization VI: Unstacking Cities.
    Cited by 1: Adjacency Bonuses
  2. Aaron Rutkoff (The Wall Street Journal). (2007). Strategy Game Pits Players Against Desktop Invasion.
    Cited by 1: Tower Defence Pathing
  3. Aidan O'Brien. (2024). How to add sockets to your weapons and armor - Path of Exile 2. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  4. Alex Wawro (Game Developer). (2015). How Dark Souls' multiplayer mechanics are invading other worlds.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  5. Alex Ziebart. (2009). Patch 3.3 patch notes. Engadget (WoW.com).
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Dungeon System)
  6. Alex Ziebart. (2011). Patch 4.3: Raid Finder feature preview. Engadget.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder
  7. Alice O'Connor. (2009). World of Warcraft Patch 3.3.0 Released. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Cross-Realm Dungeon Finder)
  8. Allakhazam. (2003). Shadowbane Siege System Overhaul.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows
  9. Allan B. Calhamer. A Dozen Years of 'Diplomacy'.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making
  10. Allan B. Calhamer. (1975). Introduction to Diplomacy.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making
  11. Amber Park. (2016). Lloyd Shapley obituary (The Daily Princetonian, 29 March 2016).
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making
  12. Amelia Mary-Justice. (2018). Master Loot's Removal Deals Another Blow to WoW's Dwindling Sense of Community. Inven Global.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  13. Andy Brown. (2023). 'Fortnite' is swapping out Arena for a proper ranked mode. NME.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  14. Andy Gavin (with Jason Rubin). (2011). Making Crash Bandicoot – part 6.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings
  15. Apollo Chungus (Hardcore Gaming 101). (2021). PaRappa the Rapper.
    Cited by 1: Rhythm Action
  16. Ashlee Manalang. (2024). Path of Exile 2: How To Get More Support Gem Slots. Gfinity Esports.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  17. Ashley Gariepy (Meeple Mountain). (2020). Games We Love: Thebes.
    Cited by 1: Time Track
  18. Baek Byung-yeul. (2023). NCSOFT to launch Throne and Liberty on Dec. 7. The Korea Times.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder
  19. Bashiok (Blizzard Entertainment). (2011). 4.1 Preview -- Dungeon Finder: Call to Arms. Blizzard Entertainment.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder
  20. Beth Hise (Society for American Baseball Research). (2011). 1744 Cricket Laws and Their Influence on Baseball in America.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping
  21. Bill Lavoy (Prima Games). (2014). Watch Dogs: Online Invasion Hacking Tips.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  22. boardgame.de. San Marco review.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose
  23. Brendan Drain (Engadget). (2011). EVE Online adding implants to killmails.
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  24. Brian Leahy (Shacknews). (2010). Massive World of Warcraft Patch Coming; Includes Cataclysm Talent Trees.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  25. Brian Shea (Game Informer). (2021). How Deathloop's multiplayer works and how Arkane prevents it from being annoying.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  26. Broadcasting magazine. (1961). Broadcasting, 2 October 1961.
    Cited by 1: Clue Giving (Programming, p. 51)
  27. Brother None. (2010). Path of Exile Previews. GameBanshee.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  28. Bruno Faidutti. (2016). Le traître, le regard neuf et le bouillon de culture / The Traitor, the Fresh Look and the Petri Dish.
    Cited by 1: Role Selection
  29. BuckGB. (2008). Diablo III Forum Tidbits. GameBanshee.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  30. BuckGB. (2014). Diablo III v2.1.0 Patch Preview: Seasons. GameBanshee.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  31. BuckGB (GameBanshee). (2016). Grim Dawn: Crucible DLC Released.
    Cited by 1: Boss Encounters
  32. Carlos Perez (MP1st). (2023). Halo Infinite Infection Rules and Details Released.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion
  33. Chris Kerr. (2022). Fortnite gets permanent no-build mode called Zero Build. Game Developer.
    Cited by 1: Combat Building
  34. Chris Wilson. (2013). Path of Exile Release Information. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  35. Chris Wray (Opinionated Gamers). (2015). SdJ Re-Reviews #21: Tikal.
    Cited by 1: Action Points
  36. Chris Wray (Opinionated Gamers). (2016). Funkenschlag at Fifteen: The Story of Power Grid.
    Cited by 1: Markets
  37. Christopher Livingston. (2021). How to find copper in Valheim. PC Gamer.
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering (How to find copper in Valheim; How to mine copper in Valheim)
  38. Clare Edgeley. (1987). Arcade Action: After Burner. Computer and Video Games 73, November 1987.
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting
  39. CNC. (2021). Dinga Bakaba : « Deathloop est un murder puzzle, une sorte de Cluedo inversé ».
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  40. D. Graham Burnett. The Games Game Theorists Play (Cabinet, issue 45).
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making
  41. Damien McFerran (Time Extension). (2026). "That's The Magic Sauce": GoldenEye Designer Explains Why It Feels So Good To Shoot Baddies In The N64 Classic.
    Cited by 1: Aim and Recoil
  42. Damion Schubert (GameBanshee). (2004). Shadowbane Designer Diary.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows
  43. Dan O'Halloran. (2007). Guild banks are now scheduled for Patch 2.3. Engadget (WoW Insider).
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings
  44. Dan Thurot (Space-Biff!). (2016). A Vast Vast Review.
    Cited by 1: Variable Player Powers
  45. Daniel González. (2026). Hades 2: ALL God Boons, Effects and Benefits. Vandal.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  46. Daniel Laguna. (2017). PaRappa the Rapper inspiró la creación de Guitar Hero y Rock Band. LEVEL UP.
    Cited by 1: Rhythm Action
  47. Dave Kaufman. (1974). Star Trader.
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver (People's Computer Company, vol. 2, no. 3, January 1974)
  48. David Bianculli (NPR Fresh Air, via Texas Public Radio). (2014). How Interactive TV Is Older Than TV Itself.
    Cited by 1: Audience Participation
  49. David Craddock. (2006). Titan Quest Review. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing
  50. David Hartlage (DM David). (2015). The difficult origin of Dungeons & Dragons Supplement II: Blackmoor.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  51. David Low (Game Developer). (2007). GO3: Kojima Talks Metal Gear History, Future.
    Cited by 1: Stealth and Detection
  52. David Watts (Sumo, via The Game Cabinet). (1994). Railway Rivals: The History.
    Cited by 1: Network and Route Building
  53. (2006). Exalted 2 review (Gamegrene).
    Cited by 1: Time Track
  54. Fabio. (2014). [Bon courage] Éradiquer les mauvais comportements sur Heroes of the Storm est une priorité pour Blizzard. Journal du Geek.
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting
  55. Famitsu. (2020). Metroid 34th anniversary article.
    Cited by 1: Multiple Endings
  56. Famitsu. (2024). Tokimeki Memorial anniversary article.
    Cited by 1: Relationship Systems
  57. GAMES magazine. (1980). Junta review.
    Cited by 1: Voting (No. 17 (May 1980), p. 54)
  58. Gary Gygax. (1983). Dragon #69: A 'split class' for nimble characters: the Thief-Acrobat. TSR (Dragon Publishing).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (From the Sorceror's Scroll, p. 20)
  59. Greg J. Schloesser and Dale Yu (The Opinionated Gamers). (2015). Patchwork (review).
    Cited by 1: Time Track (Review of 13 January 2015, and Thoughts of Other Opinionated Gamers)
  60. Grinding Gear Games. (2025). Dawn of the Hunt FAQ. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  61. Grinding Gear Games. (2025). Path of Exile 2: Content Update Timeline. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  62. Hirata Hiroshi (Impress Game Watch). (2006). DSになって至れり尽くせりな『シレン』.
    Cited by 1: Roguelike Meta-Progression
  63. Imogen Donovan (NME). (2023). Escape from Tarkov patch makes it even harder to get lost gear back.
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  64. J. M. Graetz. (1981). The Origin of Spacewar.
    Cited by 1: Hitboxes and Hurtboxes (Creative Computing, August 1981)
  65. Jacob Siegal. (2018). 'Fortnite' Season 3 Patch Notes: Turbo Building, Hand Cannon, 60 FPS On Consoles. BGR.
    Cited by 1: Combat Building
  66. Jacob Woodward. (2023). All Power-Ups in Super Mario Bros Wonder. Retro Dodo.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups
  67. Jak Marshall. (2022). Vampire Survivors' Banish Mechanic. Substack.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  68. James M. Ward. (1978). The Dragon #17: A Wizard With A Difference. TSR.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (A Wizard With A Difference, p. 10)
  69. James Mattone. (2019). The Basics of Call of Duty Modern Warfare Killstreaks. Activision.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties
  70. James Quentin Clark (RPGFan). (2009). Demon's Souls review.
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  71. Jason Dyer (Renga in Blue). (2019). A Very Brief History of Gamebooks (up to 1979).
    Cited by 1: Multiple Endings
  72. Jason Schreier (Kotaku). (2018). How World of Warcraft's Quests Came To Be.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  73. Jason Siu. (2014). Diablo III Reaper of Souls Patch 2.1.0 Preview. FullCleared.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  74. Jen Gerson. (2005). The crack cocaine of games. The Globe and Mail.
    Cited by 1: Constraint Logic Puzzles
  75. Jennifer Davis (Fragster). (2023). Dota 2 patch 7.33 Roshan changes.
    Cited by 1: Boss Encounters
  76. Jessica Conditt. (2011). The Joystiq Indie Pitch: Hidden in Plain Sight. Joystiq.
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending
  77. Jimmy Maher. (2020). Lode Runner. The Digital Antiquarian.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  78. Jimmy Maher (The Digital Antiquarian). (2011). Akalabeth.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  79. Jimmy Maher (The Digital Antiquarian). (2011). A Word on Akalabeth and Chronology.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  80. Jimmy Maher (The Digital Antiquarian). (2014). Ultima IV.
    Cited by 1: Branching Dialogue
  81. Jimmy Maher (The Digital Antiquarian). (2018). The Game of Everything, Part 1: Making Civilization.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  82. Jimmy Maher (The Digital Antiquarian). (2025). The CRPG Renaissance, Part 1: Fallout.
    Cited by 1: Branching Dialogue
  83. Joe Martin. (2012). Ace of Spades Review. bit-tech.
    Cited by 1: Combat Building
  84. Joey Carr. (2019). How does the turbo building nerf affect Fortnite?. Upcomer.
    Cited by 1: Combat Building
  85. John Flesher (Associated Press, via NBC News). (2009). Is your Facebook 'charity work' doing any good?.
    Cited by 1: Gifting
  86. John Schutt (Shacknews). (2025). 12 things new players need to know about Escape from Tarkov.
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  87. Jon Peterson (Playing at the World). (2021). A History of Hero Points: Fame, Fortune and Fate.
    Cited by 1: Metacurrency
  88. Jonathan Leack (GameRevolution). (2017). Albion Online: How Losing Items Upon Death Works (Green, Yellow, Red Regions).
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  89. Jose Enrico Coronel (Player.One). (2026). 'Dota 2' Reliable vs. Unreliable Gold: How Gold Loss, Items, and Buybacks Work.
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  90. Josh Myers (Engadget). (2011). BlizzCon 2011: Blizzard reveals new talent system.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  91. Katie Granger (BFI). (2025). Majora's Mask at 25: the recurring influence of Nintendo's 'weird Zelda game'.
    Cited by 1: Time Loops
  92. Ken Allsop. (2026). Path of Exile 3.29 Curse of the Allflame coverage. PCGamesN.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  93. Kevin Bunch (Atari Archive). (2025). Football – March 1979.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession
  94. Kevin Kelly. (2007). Joystiq hands-on: Call of Duty 4 multiplayer. Engadget (Joystiq).
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties
  95. Kim Curtis (Associated Press). (2005). Sudoku becomes a logical success. The Spokesman-Review.
    Cited by 1: Constraint Logic Puzzles
  96. Krist Boardman. (1982). Inside Gaming (Castle Wolfenstein profile).
    Cited by 1: Stealth and Detection (Electronic Games Vol. 1 No. 4 (June 1982), p. 22)
  97. Kurt Lozano (ONE Esports). (2020). Dota 2 matchmaking update removes MMR gain/loss variance.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  98. Larryn Bell. (2022). How to activate Reality Augments - Fortnite. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  99. Lee Berlik. (2006). PC Review: The Ship. WorthPlaying.
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending
  100. Len Lakofka. (1983). Dragon #69: Leomund's Tiny Hut: The entertainer classes. TSR (Dragon Publishing).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Leomund's Tiny Hut, pp. 54-60)
  101. Leslie Scott (V&A British Toy Making blog). (2009). A personal view from Leslie Scott, the inventor of Jenga.
    Cited by 1: Dexterity
  102. Linda Rodriguez McRobbie (Smithsonian Magazine). (2018). The Mind-Bending Math Behind Spot It!.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Recognition
  103. Loren Carpenter and Rachel Carpenter (Ars Electronica). (1994). audience participation, CINEMATRIX.
    Cited by 1: Audience Participation
  104. Maarten Goldstein. (2001). Diablo2 Ladder To Be Reset. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  105. Maarten Goldstein. (2007). World of Warcraft 2.3.0 Patch Released. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Guild Banks)
  106. Marc Marasigan (MMOs.com). (2022). Mortal Online 2 Players Can Now Call Guards On Criminals And Set Passwords For Their Houses.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  107. Marc Marasigan (MMOs.com). (2024). Albion Online Shakes Up Territory Raiding As Its Foundations Update Goes Live.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows
  108. Marco Cadayona. (2024). All Hades 2 Boons and the Best to Pick. Gfinity Esports.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  109. Mario Brash (COGconnected). (2017). Why Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy Is So Difficult, According to Devs.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings
  110. MartaSch. (2019). Everything you need to know about League of Legends Wild Rift. Dignitas.
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting
  111. Matt Leone. (2014). Street Fighter 2: An oral history. Polygon.
    Cited by 1: Combo Systems
  112. Matt Miller. (2010). Assassin's Creed Brotherhood innovates through multiplayer. Game Informer.
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending
  113. Matthew Rossi (Engadget). (2013). Major raid changes coming in Warlords of Draenor.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings
  114. Maxroll. (2024). 3.25 Settlers of Kalguur league reveal.
    Cited by 1: Trading
  115. Metagaming. (1975). The Space Gamer, no. 2.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees (Stellar Conquest commentary, on extensions of the technological sequences)
  116. Michael McWhertor (Polygon). (2014). How Twitch is crowd-sourcing an amazing Pokémon multiplayer game.
    Cited by 1: Audience Participation
  117. Michael Shalyt. (2017). Path of Exile Economy: Currency Trading. Game Developer.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency
  118. Midway. (1976). New from Midway (advertisement). Play Meter 2(3), March 1976.
    Cited by 1: High-Score Tables (p. 13)
  119. Mike Futter (Game Informer). (2016). Review: Dead by Daylight.
    Cited by 1: Equipment and Loadouts
  120. Mike Mearls. (2013). So What Is a Subclass? (Wayback capture). Wizards of the Coast.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Legends & Lore, 29 April 2013)
  121. Mike Mearls (Wizards of the Coast, Legends and Lore). (2012). Playtest: First Round Overview.
    Cited by 1: Advantage / Disadvantage
  122. Mike Mearls (Wizards of the Coast, Legends and Lore). (2013). Design Finesse—Part 1.
    Cited by 1: Advantage / Disadvantage
  123. Mike Schramm. (2010). Preview: Assassin's Creed Brotherhood multiplayer. Joystiq.
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending
  124. Monte Cook. (2000). Dragon #274: Class Acts. Wizards of the Coast.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Class Acts, p. 45)
  125. MP1st. (2012). New MW3 Community Playlist "Infected" Coming Feb 5 on Xbox 360 and PS3.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion
  126. MP1st. (2023). Lords of the Fallen Update 1.013 for v1.1.282.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  127. Natalia_GGG. (2018). Reflecting on Past Releases Part 1. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  128. Natalia_GGG. (2025). What Happens When Dawn of the Hunt Leagues End. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  129. Nic Rowen. (2015). Review in Progress: Evolve. Destructoid.
    Cited by 1: Experience Levels
  130. Nicholas Lovell (GamesBrief). (2009). Six secrets of FarmVille's success.
    Cited by 1: Gifting
  131. Nicholas O'Brien. (2016). Skins, Chips, and Stone of Jordans: Searching for the Value of Emergent Video Game Economies. Rhizome.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency
  132. Nick Yee. (2005). MMORPG Lexicon (The Daedalus Project, March 2005 archive).
    Cited by 1: Procs
  133. Nigel Zalamea (ONE Esports). (2019). Dota 2's new experimental update replaces Solo and Party MMR with Core and Support MMR.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  134. Nintendo World Report. (2002). Animal Crossing news item (news 7771).
    Cited by 1: Gifting
  135. Ozzie Mejia. (2023). Deceive Inc. review: Master of disguise. Shacknews.
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending
  136. Patricia Fitzgibbons (Computer Gaming World). (1986). Telecommunication Gaming: Island of Kesmai.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones (Computer Gaming World 29, June 1986, pp. 30-31)
  137. Paul Dean. (2011). The Story of DOTA. Eurogamer.
    Cited by 1: Lane Pushing
  138. Paul Evans. (2005). Neuland review.
    Cited by 1: Time Track
  139. PC Joker. (1996). Quest for Fame (review). PC Joker, April 1996.
    Cited by 1: Rhythm Action (p. 44)
  140. Ralph C. Lally II. (1978). Other Theme Games. Play Meter 4(23), 15 December 1978.
    Cited by 1: High-Score Tables (pp. 17–18)
  141. Randy Nelson (Joystiq). (2008). Joystiq hands-on: Left 4 Dead's versus mode.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping
  142. Realms. (2004). Review: The Burning Wheel.
    Cited by 1: Social Conflict
  143. (1986). Rebelstar review. Crash.
    Cited by 1: Action Points (Crash issue 31)
  144. Red Veron. (2017). Early Access Review: Fortnite. Destructoid.
    Cited by 1: Combat Building
  145. Rob Heinsoo (Pelgrane Press). (2016). 13th Sage: Skill Checks in 13th Age.
    Cited by 1: Fail Forward
  146. Roger C. Sharpe. (1977). Pinball column. Play Meter, August 1977.
    Cited by 1: High-Score Tables
  147. Ryo Morise (Famitsu). (2023). Dokyusei retrospective.
    Cited by 1: Relationship Systems
  148. Sal Romano (Gematsu). (2012). Be the enemy in Resident Evil 6's Agent Hunt mode.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  149. Salman Haider Zaidi. (2022). Complete Modern Warfare 2 Killstreaks Available at Launch. MP1st.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties
  150. Samuel Van Cise. (2018). An Analysis of Building in Fortnite. Game Developer.
    Cited by 1: Combat Building
  151. Sarah Pine. (2014). Diablo Season 1 launches Friday, August 29. Engadget.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  152. Scott Andrews. (2013). WoW Archivist: 2.3 patch notes. Engadget.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Guild Banks)
  153. Seliathan. (2023). Group Loot in Vault of the Incarnates: Do We Like It?. Raider.IO.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  154. Shacknews. (2007). Halo 3 Celebrates Zombie Day via Multiplayer Playlist.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion
  155. Shannon Appelcline. (2007). Atlas Games: 1990-present.
    Cited by 1: Aspects and Tags
  156. Siliconera. (2008). Demon's Souls haunts Japan in February.
    Cited by 2: Ghost Data, Player Invasions
  157. Simon Ludgate. (2009). A Dash of Gank Spoils the Stew?.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  158. Sony Computer Entertainment America. (2008). Play, Create and Share With PlayStation's Groundbreaking, Genre-Defying and Highly Anticipated Release LittleBigPlanet.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  159. Space Junkie (Ten Ton Hammer). (2009). Weapon Systems In EVE Online. Ten Ton Hammer.
    Cited by 1: Damage Types and Resistances
  160. Space-Biff. (2013). Archipelago.
    Cited by 1: Semi-Cooperative
  161. spudart.org. (2008). Blog post on (Lil) Green Patch.
    Cited by 1: Gifting
  162. Suriel Vazquez. (2017). Do Destiny 2's Guided Games Work?. Game Informer.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder
  163. Teri Litorco (Nerdist). (2016). How One Man Created a New Genre and a Legacy in Tabletop Gaming.
    Cited by 1: Legacy Campaign
  164. The Tao of Gaming (The 20th Century Project). (2025). Republic of Rome.
    Cited by 1: Semi-Cooperative
  165. The Tao of Gaming (The 20th Century Project). (2025). Civilization.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  166. Tom Francis. (2005). Murder Incorporated: ten months of deception for one kill in Eve Online. PC Gamer UK (September 2005).
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings
  167. Tom Hopkins. (2018). Fortnite Shadow Stones: How to Get Shadow Stones & What They Do. Twinfinite.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups
  168. Tom Leonard. (1999). Postmortem: Thief: The Dark Project.
    Cited by 1: Stealth and Detection
  169. Tony Hall (The World of Playing Cards). (2023). Poker Patience.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Building
  170. Vince D. Weller and Gareth Fouche (GameBanshee). (2008). RPG Dialogue Systems Explored.
    Cited by 1: Branching Dialogue
  171. Warhammer Community (Games Workshop). (2025). Nearly 40 years of fantasy football – Blood Bowl through the ages.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession
  172. WoW Insider (Engadget). (2014). Garrosh heirlooms have bad luck protection.
    Cited by 1: Pseudo-Random Distribution
  173. Xbox Wire. (2023). Halo Infinite: Infection Mode Returns, Here's How It Was Made.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion

Talks

  1. Anthony Pecorella. (2015). Idle Games: The Mechanics and Monetization of Self-Playing Games.
    Cited by 1: Prestige Resets
  2. Michael Booth (Valve). (2009). The AI Systems of Left 4 Dead.
    Cited by 1: GM Moves (AIIDE 2009 keynote)
  3. Seth Priebatsch. (2010). The game layer on top of the world. TEDxBoston.
    Cited by 1: Appointment Mechanics (The appointment dynamic)

Videos

  1. Mark Brown (Game Maker’s Toolkit). (2020). The Two Types of Random in Game Design. Distinguishes input randomness, resolved before the player decides, from output randomness, resolved after.
    Cited by 1: Deck-Building

Podcasts

  1. A Way with Words. (2021). Video Game Jargon "Proc".
    Cited by 1: Procs

Wikis

  1. BoardGameGeek.
    Cited by 1: Pseudo-Random Distribution (Catan: Event Cards)
  2. BoardGameGeek community. (2024). Board Game Mechanics. Per-mechanic browse pages; year is the access year.
    Cited by 56: Action Points (Action Points), Adjacency Bonuses (Tile Placement), Alliances (Alliances), Area Control (Area Majority / Influence), Auction and Bidding (Auction / Bidding), Combat Results Tables (Ratio / Combat Results Table), Connection Games (Connections), Cooperative Play (Cooperative Game), Deal-Making (Negotiation), Deck-Building (Deck, Bag, and Pool Building), Deduction (Deduction), Dexterity (Flicking; Stacking and Balancing), Dice Placement (Worker Placement with Dice Workers), Dice Pool (Dice Rolling), Divide and Choose (I Cut, You Choose), Drafting (Closed Drafting; Open Drafting), End-Game Triggers (Sudden Death Ending; End Game Bonuses), Hand Management (Hand Management), Hidden Movement Pursuit (Hidden Movement), Hidden Roles (Hidden Roles), Hidden Scoring (Hidden Victory Points), Legacy Campaign (Legacy Game), Limited Communication (Communication Limits), Markets (Market; Commodity Speculation), Memory (Memory), Network and Route Building (Network and Route Building), Pattern Building (Pattern Building), Pattern Recognition (Pattern Recognition), Pick-Up and Deliver (Pick-up and Deliver), Player Elimination (Player Elimination), Player Judge (Player Judge), Procedural Generation (Modular Board), Push Your Luck (Push Your Luck), Real-Time Play (Real-Time), Role Selection (Follow; Variable Phase Order), Roll and Move (Roll / Spin and Move), Roll and Write (Paper-and-Pencil), Rondel (Rondel), Semi-Cooperative (Semi-Cooperative Game), Set Collection (Set Collection), Shared Narration (Storytelling), Simultaneous Action Selection (Simultaneous Action Selection), Skill Trees (Tech Trees / Tech Tracks), Sowing (Mancala), Stock Holding (Stock Holding), Supply Lines (Hexagon Grid; Zone of Control (supply is not a separate BGG mechanism)), Take That (Take That), Team Play (Team-Based Game), Tile Placement (Tile Placement), Time Track (Turn Order: Time Track), Trading (Trading; Negotiation), Traitor (Traitor Game), Trick-Taking (Trick-taking), Variable Player Powers (Variable Player Powers), Voting (Resolution chapter), Worker Placement (Worker Placement)
  3. Bulbapedia.
    Cited by 1: Gifting (Friends (GO))
  4. Clash of Clans Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Gifting (Clan Castle; Experience)
  5. crimson: Perks.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  6. Dead by Daylight Wiki (wiki.gg). Dead by Daylight Wiki, Loadout.
    Cited by 1: Equipment and Loadouts
  7. Deadlock Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting (Souls; Update: February 25, 2025)
  8. Dota 2 Wiki.
    Cited by 2: Lane Pushing (Lane Creeps; Buildings), Pseudo-Random Distribution (Pseudo-random distribution)
  9. Genshin Impact Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Pseudo-Random Distribution (Wishes)
  10. League of Legends Wiki.
    Cited by 2: Lane Pushing (Inhibitor), Last Hitting (WR:Gold)
  11. Liquipedia Dota 2.
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting (Denying; Gold)
  12. Liquipedia Warcraft.
    Cited by 2: Last Hitting (Gold; Creeps), Pseudo-Random Distribution (Pseudo Random Distribution)
  13. Patch 2.0.1. Warcraft Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  14. Path of Exile 2 Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Procs
  15. Path of Exile Wiki.
    Cited by 2: Procs (Cast on Critical Strike), Status Effects (Shock; Chill; Frozen)
  16. Risk of Rain 2 Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Procs (Proc Coefficient)
  17. Robinson Crusoe: Adventures on the Cursed Island rules FAQ (Dized).
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering (What happens when a source is exhausted?)
  18. Slay the Spire Wiki, Card Rewards.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  19. TetrisWiki.
    Cited by 1: Pseudo-Random Distribution (Tetris (NES, Nintendo); TGM randomizer; The New Tetris; Random Generator)
  20. Warcraft Wiki.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution (Need before Greed)
  21. Weird Gloop. VALORANT Wiki, Game Modes.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping
  22. Wikipedia contributors. (2024). Wikipedia. Use the locator field for the article title.
    Cited by 100: Achievements (Achievement (video games)), Aim and Recoil (Counter-Strike (video game)), Alignment Games (OXO), Appointment Mechanics (Animal Crossing (video game)), Audience Participation (Twitch Plays Pokémon), Base Building (Dune II), Betting (Betting in poker), Bluff and Challenge (Liar's dice), Boss Encounters (Boss (video games); Dnd (1975 video game)), Branching Dialogue (Dialogue tree), Checkpoints and Saves (Saved game), Clue Giving (Password (American game show)), Combat Building (Fortnite Battle Royale), Combat Results Tables (Tactics (game)), Combo Systems (Combo (video games)), Constraint Logic Puzzles (Sudoku), Contract Bidding (Contract bridge), Cooldowns (Glossary of video game terms (cooldown)), Cooperate or Defect (Golden Balls; Shafted; Friend or Foe? (game show)), Cooperative Play (Cooperative board game), Cover Systems (Cover system), Damage Types and Resistances (Gameplay of Pokémon), Deduction (Cluedo), Difficulty Settings (Dynamic game difficulty balancing), Divide and Choose (Last diminisher), Doubling Cube (Doubling cube), Escape Room Puzzles (Escape room), Exploration Procedures (The Oregon Trail (1985 video game)), Fog of War (Fog of war (video games section)), Game Clocks (Chess clock; Shot clock), Ghost Data (Hard Drivin'), Gifting (FarmVille), Grid Movement (Hex map), Handicapping (Go handicaps), Hidden Movement Pursuit (Scotland Yard (board game)), Hidden Piece Identity (L'Attaque), Hidden Roles (Mafia (party game)), Hidden Scoring (Acquire), High-Score Tables (High score), Hit Location (RuneQuest), Hitboxes and Hurtboxes (Collision detection), Inventory and Encumbrance (Inventory (video games)), Lane Pushing (Multiplayer online battle arena; Future Cop LAPD), Legacy Campaign (Legacy game), Level Editors (Level editor), Lifepath Character Generation (Traveller (role-playing game)), Limited Communication (Hanabi (card game)), Line of Sight (Line of sight (video games)), Lives and Continues (Life (video games)), Lock and Key (Metroidvania), Lock-On Targeting (The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time), Loot Boxes and Gacha (Loot box), Loot Tables (Loot (video games)), Map Markers and Waypoints (Mini-map), Match-Three (Tile-matching video game), Memory (Concentration (card game)), Metacurrency (Top Secret (role-playing game)), Morality Systems (Alignment (role-playing games)), Multiple Endings (Choose Your Own Adventure), Needs and Moods (Little Computer People), Parry and Dodge Windows (Street Fighter III), Pattern Building (Tetris), Permadeath (Permadeath), Physics Puzzles (The Incredible Machine), Platforming (Platform game), Player Judge (Apples to Apples), Power-Ups (Power-up), Prestige Resets (Incremental game), Procedural Generation (Procedural generation), Promotion (Promotion (chess), History), Quest Structures (Quest (video games)), Quick-Time Events (Quick time event), Race to the Finish (Royal Game of Ur), Random Upgrade Offers (Crimsonland), Rating and Matchmaking (Elo rating system), Relationship Systems (Dating sim), Reputation & Factions (Fallout: New Vegas), Rerolls (Yahtzee), Resource Gathering (Fortnite Battle Royale), Rhythm Action (Rhythm game), Roguelike Meta-Progression (Roguelike (section on roguelike-likes and rogue-lites)), Roll and Write (Yahtzee), Sanity (Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)), Secret Objectives (Careers (board game)), Semi-Cooperative (Republic of Rome (game)), Skill Trees (Technology tree), Sliding and Pushing Block Puzzles (Sokoban), Social Conflict (The Burning Wheel), Status Effects (Status effect), Stealth and Detection (Stealth game), Take That (Mille Bornes), Team Play (Fortnite Battle Royale), Threat and Aggro (Glossary of video game terms (aggro)), Time Loops (Time loop), Tournament Formats (London 1851 chess tournament), Tower Defence Pathing (Tower defense), Trick-Taking (Contract bridge, History), Voting (Junta (game)), Word Building (Scrabble), Zone of Control (Zone of control)
  23. Wiktionary.
    Cited by 1: Procs (proc)
  24. Wowpedia.
    Cited by 1: Procs (Proc; Internal cooldown)

Rulebooks

  1. Abacusspiele (game by Antoine Bauza). (2012). Hanabi rules (German edition).
    Cited by 1: Limited Communication (A. Einen Hinweis geben)
  2. Activision. (1980). Skiing instruction manual.
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  3. Activision. (1980). Dragster instruction manual (revision 3).
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  4. Adam Poots. (2015). Kingdom Death: Monster rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Boss Encounters (Showdown Phase), Roguelike Meta-Progression (Settlement Phase)
  5. Adam Sadler and Corey Konieczka with Daniel Lovat Clark. (2012). Descent: Journeys in the Dark (second edition), Rules of Play. Fantasy Flight Games.
    Cited by 1: Variable Player Powers (p. 4, Hero Archetypes; p. 5, Hero Setup; p. 7, Hero Sheet Anatomy; p. 15, Heroic Feats)
  6. Adrian Adamescu and Daryl Andrews. (2017). Sagrada rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Constraint Logic Puzzles (Placement restrictions)
  7. Alan R. Moon. (2004). Ticket to Ride rulebook.
    Cited by 3: Network and Route Building (Claiming a Route; Destination Tickets), Secret Objectives (Destination Tickets), Set Collection
  8. Alan R. Moon and Aaron Weissblum. (2001). San Marco rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose (Three-player rules)
  9. Alex Randolph (3M). (1962). TwixT rules.
    Cited by 1: Connection Games
  10. Alfred Mosher Butts and James Brunot. (1948). Scrabble rules.
    Cited by 1: Word Building (Placing words, premium squares, and challenges)
  11. Allan B. Calhamer. (1959). Diplomacy rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Alliances (The diplomacy phase), Simultaneous Action Selection (Writing and adjudicating orders)
  12. Allan B. Calhamer. (1959). Rules of the Game of Diplomacy.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making (In General: Diplomacy, p. 1)
  13. Andrea Chiarvesio and Luca Iennaco. (2007). Kingsburg rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Dice Placement (Influencing the King's advisors)
  14. Andreas Seyfarth. (2002). Puerto Rico rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Role Selection
  15. Anthony E. Pratt. (1949). Cluedo rules.
    Cited by 1: Deduction (Making a suggestion and disproving it)
  16. Antoine Bauza. (2010). 7 Wonders rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Drafting
  17. Antoine Bauza. (2010). Hanabi rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Limited Communication (Giving a clue)
  18. Artyom Nichipurov. (2022). Guards of Atlantis II rulebook. Wolff Designa.
    Cited by 1: Lane Pushing (Minions; Battle Zone; Pushing a Lane; Wave counters)
  19. Atari Games. (1989). Hard Drivin' Operator's Manual (TM-327).
    Cited by 1: Ghost Data (Chapter 1 Set-Up: Introduction, p. 1-5)
  20. Atari, Inc. (1977). Combat game program instructions.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings (Difficulty switches (manual C011402-01))
  21. Atari, Inc. (1980). Pelé's Championship Soccer instructions.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings (Section 10, Game Select Matrix, and the note on computer difficulty (manual C011402-16 Rev. 1))
  22. Avalon Hill. (1963). Stalingrad rules.
    Cited by 1: Supply Lines (Isolation; German and Russian supply lines)
  23. Avalon Hill. (1964). Afrika Korps rules.
    Cited by 3: Combat Results Tables (Combat Results Table), Supply Lines (Supply; Isolation), Upkeep and Attrition (Supply)
  24. Avalon Hill. (1964). Afrika Korps rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Zone of Control (Zones of Control)
  25. Avalon Hill. (1974). Panzer Leader rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Interrupts and Reactions (Optional and experimental rules; opportunity fire)
  26. Avalon Hill (Hasbro and Wizards of the Coast; game design by Sid Sackson). (1999). Acquire rules.
    Cited by 2: End-Game Triggers (Ending the Game, p. 5, and FAQ (1999/2008 text)), Tile Placement (Founding and Growing a Hotel Chain, p. 2 (1999/2008 text))
  27. Bethesda Softworks and Obsidian Entertainment. (2010). Fallout: New Vegas manual.
    Cited by 1: Reputation & Factions (p. 17, Reputation; p. 19, dialogue)
  28. Bill Budge. (1982). Pinball Construction Set manual. BudgeCo.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  29. Binary Systems and Electronic Arts. (1986). Starflight manual.
    Cited by 1: Reputation & Factions (3.2.3, pp. 21-22; 4.2.1, p. 24; 4.2.2, p. 25 (later multi-platform printing))
  30. Binary Systems and Electronic Arts. (1986). Starflight manual (1986 printing).
    Cited by 1: Reputation & Factions (3.2.5, Communications Officer, p. 20; 4.2, Alien Encounters, p. 22; 4.2.1 and 4.2.2, p. 23)
  31. Blizzard Entertainment. (1995). Warcraft II manual (PC).
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering (Getting Started: Harvesting Resources)
  32. Blizzard Entertainment. (2001). Diablo II: Lord of Destruction manual.
    Cited by 1: Socketing (Insertable Items: Jewels, Runes, p. 26)
  33. Blizzard North. (1996). Diablo manual.
    Cited by 1: Loot Tables
  34. Blizzard North. (2000). Diablo II manual.
    Cited by 2: Skill Trees, Socketing (Items: Socketed Items (Names Appear in Gray); Gems)
  35. Bob Charrette, Paul Hume, and Tom Dowd. (1989). Shadowrun, first edition.
    Cited by 1: Dice Pool
  36. Brian Hersch. (1989). Taboo rules.
    Cited by 1: Clue Giving (Forbidden words and the buzzer)
  37. Bruno Cathala and Serge Laget. (2005). Shadows over Camelot rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Traitor (Loyalty cards and accusation)
  38. Bruno Faidutti. (2000). Citadels rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Role Selection
  39. Carl Chudyk with Ed Carter. (2005). Glory to Rome rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Role Selection
  40. Catan GmbH and Catan Studio. (2020). Catan Game Rules & Almanac.
    Cited by 2: End-Game Triggers (Ending the Game, p. 5), Victory Points (Game Rules, p. 5)
  41. Christian T. Petersen. (2005). Twilight Imperium rulebook (third edition).
    Cited by 1: Role Selection (Designer notes, pp. 40–41)
  42. Christophe Boelinger. (2012). Archipelago rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Semi-Cooperative
  43. Clinton R. Nixon. (2004). The Shadow of Yesterday rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Player-Authored Goals (Keys)
  44. Columbia Games. (1972). Quebec 1759 rules.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Piece Identity
  45. Cyberathlete Professional League. (2002). Counter-Strike Tournament Rules (CPL Summer Championship 2002).
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping (4.10a; 4.10i)
  46. D. Vincent Baker. (2004). Dogs in the Vineyard.
    Cited by 1: Social Conflict (Conflict)
  47. D. Vincent Baker. (2010). Apocalypse World.
    Cited by 5: Degrees of Success, Fail Forward, GM Moves (The Master of Ceremonies; agenda, principles, and moves), Progress Clocks, Relationship Systems (Hx)
  48. Darrington Press. (2025). Daggerheart System Reference Document 1.0. Darrington Press.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Character Creation: Choose a Subclass, p. 4; Classes: Subclasses, p. 8; Leveling Up: Advancements, p. 43)
  49. Darwin Bromley and Bill Fawcett. (2008). Empire Builder rulebook (2008 edition).
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver
  50. David Black. (2016). The Black Hack. Gold Piece Publications.
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice (Usage die)
  51. David Parlett. (1973). Hare and Tortoise rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Race to the Finish
  52. David R. Megarry. (1975). Dungeon! rules.
    Cited by 1: Target Numbers
  53. Days of Wonder (game design by Philippe Keyaerts). (2015). Small World rules.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Scoring (p. 5)
  54. Don Eskridge. (2009). The Resistance rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Voting (Team vote)
  55. Donald X. Vaccarino. (2008). Dominion rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Deck-Building, End-Game Triggers (Game End)
  56. Doug Smith. (1982). Lode Runner manual (Atari computers). Broderbund Software.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors (Making Your Own Games; Designing Your Own Game Boards; Saving Your Creations)
  57. Dujardin (Jumbo). Mille Bornes, règle du jeu (Édition Prestige).
    Cited by 1: Interrupts and Reactions (Le Coup-Fourré, p. 13; Compter les points, p. 8)
  58. Dynamix. (1993). The Incredible Machine manual.
    Cited by 1: Physics Puzzles (Parts and the goal of each puzzle)
  59. E. S. Lowe Company. (1956). Yahtzee rules.
    Cited by 2: Rerolls, Roll and Write (Score card and scoring categories)
  60. Edmond Dujardin. (1954). Mille Bornes rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Take That (Hazard, remedy, and safety cards)
  61. Electronic Arts. (1983). Murder on the Zinderneuf manual.
    Cited by 1: Branching Dialogue (Interviewing suspects)
  62. Eon Products. (1977). Cosmic Encounter rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Variable Player Powers (Alien powers)
  63. Eon Products (a Future Pastimes creation). (1983). The Complete Book of Cosmic Encounter Rules.
    Cited by 2: Cooperate or Defect (p. 4), Deal-Making (p. 4)
  64. Eric Goldberg. (1985). Tales of the Arabian Nights rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Branching Dialogue (Reaction Matrix and Book of Tales), Random Tables (Encounter procedure and reaction matrix)
  65. Evil Hat Productions. (2006). Spirit of the Century SRD.
    Cited by 1: Metacurrency (1.8 Fate Points; 1.8.2 Compels)
  66. Fantasy Flight Games. Twilight Imperium Fourth Edition Learn to Play.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making
  67. Fantasy Flight Games. (2018). Cosmic Encounter revised rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making
  68. Fantasy Flight Games. (2020). Twilight Imperium Fourth Edition: Prophecy of Kings Living Rules Reference, Version 2.0.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making (28 Deals; 69 Promissory Notes; 94 Transactions)
  69. Fantasy Flight Games, after Richard Hamblen. (2012). Merchant of Venus rulebook (Classic).
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver
  70. Fédération Internationale des Échecs. FIDE Laws of Chess.
    Cited by 2: Piece Capture (Article 3, The moves of the pieces), Promotion (Article 3.7, the move of the pawn (promotion))
  71. Fédération Internationale des Échecs. FIDE Handbook.
    Cited by 1: Tournament Formats (C.04 FIDE Swiss Rules)
  72. Fédération Internationale des Échecs. (2023). FIDE Laws of Chess.
    Cited by 1: Game Clocks (Article 6, The chessclock)
  73. Fédération Internationale des Échecs. (2024). FIDE Rating Regulations.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking (FIDE Handbook B.02)
  74. Flying Frog Productions. (2007). Last Night on Earth: The Zombie Game, rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Side Conversion (The Advanced Game: The Sun Track - Black Zone; Death of Your Last Hero; Zombie Heroes)
  75. Francis Tresham (Avalon Hill). (1986). 1830 rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Stock Holding (Stock round; share prices, dividends, and presidency)
  76. Frank Mentzer. (1983). Dungeons & Dragons Expert Rules. TSR.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Fighters, Clerics: Name level; Strongholds)
  77. Frank Mentzer. (1984). Dungeons & Dragons, Companion Set: Players Companion, Book One. TSR.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Players Companion: Fighters, Travelling; Clerics, Druid)
  78. Free League Publishing. (2018). Forbidden Lands Player's Handbook.
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  79. Free League Publishing. (2019). Alien: The Roleplaying Game.
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  80. Friedemann Friese. (2004). Power Grid rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Income (Phase 5, bureaucracy; income table), Markets (Phase 3, buying resources; resource market restocking)
  81. Friedemann Friese (2F-Spiele and Rio Grande Games). (2014). Power Grid Deluxe rules.
    Cited by 1: Markets (Phase 3: Buy Resources; Phase 5: Bureaucracy)
  82. FromSoftware and Namco Bandai Games. (2011). Dark Souls instruction manual.
    Cited by 1: Parry and Dodge Windows
  83. Games Workshop. (1989). Space Hulk rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Action Points
  84. Gary Gygax. (1978). Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, Players Handbook. TSR.
    Cited by 4: Death Penalty (Character Abilities, Constitution (Resurrection Survival); Cleric spells, Raise Dead (5th level)), Loot Distribution (Appendix V: Suggested Agreements for Division of Treasure, c. p. 122), Multiclassing (Character Classes: The Multi-Classed Character; The Character With Two Classes, p. 33), Subclasses (Character Classes: The Paladin; The Ranger; The Druid; The Illusionist; The Assassin)
  85. Gary Gygax. (1979). Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, Dungeon Masters Guide. TSR.
    Cited by 4: Initiative Order (Combat; Initiative), Morality Systems (Alignment (alignment graph and changing alignment)), Procedural Generation (Appendix A: Random Dungeon Generation), Sanity (Insanity)
  86. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. (1974). Dungeons & Dragons, Volume 3, The Underworld & Wilderness Adventures.
    Cited by 3: Base Building (Construction of castles and strongholds; baronies), Exploration Procedures (The Underworld (move, light, rest, wandering monsters); The Wilderness (movement, becoming lost)), Random Tables (Wandering monsters; wilderness encounter tables)
  87. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. (1974). Dungeons & Dragons, Volume 2, Monsters & Treasure.
    Cited by 2: Damage Types and Resistances (Monster descriptions (hit only by silver or magic weapons)), Loot Tables (Treasure types table and magic item sub-tables)
  88. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. (1974). Dungeons & Dragons, Volume 1, Men & Magic. Tactical Studies Rules.
    Cited by 7: Equipment and Loadouts (Equipment list and costs; armour and weapon restrictions by class), Experience Levels, Hit Points, Inventory and Encumbrance (Equipment weights and movement rates by load), Item Modification (Characters, Magic-Users (pp. 6-8), examples of costs), Multiclassing (Character classes and races: Elves), Saving Throws
  89. Gary Gygax and Jeff Perren. (1972). Chainmail, 2nd edition. Guidon Games.
    Cited by 1: Point-Buy (Introduction; Medieval Rules, Suggested Point Values (p. 24))
  90. Gary Gygax and Robert Kuntz. (1975). Dungeons & Dragons Supplement I: Greyhawk. TSR.
    Cited by 2: Multiclassing (Character classes: Dwarves, Elves, Half-Elves, pp. 5-6), Subclasses (Character classes: Fighting Men; Determination of Abilities: Charisma; The Strategic Review advertisement, p. 66)
  91. George MacDonald and Steve Peterson. (1981). Champions. Hero Games.
    Cited by 1: Point-Buy
  92. Gerard Christopher Klug. (1983). James Bond 007 Role Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service.
    Cited by 1: Metacurrency
  93. Greg Stafford. (1985). King Arthur Pendragon.
    Cited by 3: Degrees of Success, Opposed Rolls (Resolution chapter, opposed resolution), Relationship Systems (Passions)
  94. Greg Stafford. (1985). Pendragon.
    Cited by 2: Downtime Phases (Winter Phase), Income (Winter Phase; economic circumstances)
  95. Greg Stafford. (1985). Pendragon rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Morality Systems (Traits and Passions)
  96. Hervé Marly. (2011). Skull rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Bluff and Challenge
  97. Horrible Games. (2015). Potion Explosion rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Match-Three
  98. id Software. (1996). Quake manual.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups
  99. Ignacy Trzewiczek. (2012). Robinson Crusoe: Adventures on the Cursed Island rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Base Building (Build action; shelter, roof, palisade, and weapon levels)
  100. Infinity Ward. (2007). Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare manual.
    Cited by 1: Equipment and Loadouts (Multiplayer; Create-a-Class)
  101. Inka Brand and Markus Brand. (2016). Exit: The Game rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Escape Room Puzzles (Solving riddles and the decoder disc)
  102. International Football Association Board. (2023). Laws of the Game.
    Cited by 2: Ball Possession (Laws 8, 12, 15 to 17; start and restart of play, fouls, throw-in, goal kick, corner kick), Referee Adjudication (Law 5, The referee; Law 12, Fouls and misconduct)
  103. Isaac Childres. (2017). Gloomhaven rulebook.
    Cited by 7: Critical Hits (Attack Modifier Cards), Equipment and Loadouts (Items and item slots), Initiative Order (Initiative), Loot Distribution (Loot and End-of-Turn Looting, p. 27; Buying and Selling Items, p. 43), Reputation & Factions (Reputation), Secret Objectives (Battle Goals), Status Effects (Conditions)
  104. Isaac Childres. (2022). Frosthaven rulebook. Cephalofair Games.
    Cited by 1: Initiative Order (Card selection; Determining initiative)
  105. J. Eric Holmes, from Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson (TSR). (1977). Dungeons & Dragons (Basic Set rulebook, Holmes edition).
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution (Experience Points and Experience Levels, c. p. 11)
  106. J. L. Baldwin (ed.), Arlington Club. (1864). The Laws of Short Whist.
    Cited by 1: Limited Communication (Law 86, p. 31; Etiquette of Whist, p. 32 (first American edition, 1866))
  107. J. P. Babcock. (1920). Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg: The Red Book of Rules.
    Cited by 1: Set Collection (Rules of Play, pp. 12-13 (second edition, 1923 printing))
  108. Jacob Fryxelius. (2016). Terraforming Mars rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Adjacency Bonuses (Tile placement; placement bonuses and ocean adjacency)
  109. James F. Dunnigan. (1970). PanzerBlitz rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Line of Sight (Line of sight and spotting rules)
  110. James M. Ward with Robert J. Kuntz. (1980). Deities & Demigods. TSR.
    Cited by 1: Sanity (Cthulhu Mythos)
  111. Jason Morningstar. (2009). Fiasco rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Multiple Endings (The Aftermath), Shared Narration (Act One, establishing and resolving scenes)
  112. Jason Morningstar. (2009). Fiasco.
    Cited by 1: Scene Framing (Scenes; establish or resolve)
  113. Jeffrey D. Allers. (2008). Piece o' Cake rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose
  114. Jervis Johnson (Games Workshop). (1994). Blood Bowl rulebook (third edition).
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (Turnovers)
  115. John Harper. (2017). Blades in the Dark.
    Cited by 6: Degrees of Success (The Basics, Action Roll), Dice Pool (The Basics, Action Roll), Downtime Phases (Downtime; downtime activities), Flashbacks (The Score; flashbacks), Progress Clocks (The Basics, Progress Clocks), Reputation & Factions (Factions and faction status)
  116. John Hill (Avalon Hill). (1977). Squad Leader rulebook.
    Cited by 5: Combat Results Tables (Infantry Fire Table), Cover Systems (Terrain Effects Chart), Interrupts and Reactions (Defensive Fire Phase), Line of Sight (Line of Sight rules and Terrain Effects Chart), Morale and Rout (Morale Check; Rout Phase; Rally Phase)
  117. Jonathan Tweet and Mark Rein-Hagen. (1987). Ars Magica.
    Cited by 1: Downtime Phases (Seasons and laboratory activities)
  118. Jonathan Tweet with Robin D. Laws. (1992). Over the Edge. Atlas Games.
    Cited by 1: Aspects and Tags
  119. Jordan Weisman and others (FASA Corporation). (1985). BattleTech (second edition of BattleDroids).
    Cited by 1: Hit Location (Hit Location Table; critical hits)
  120. Julian Gollop. (1986). Rebelstar instructions.
    Cited by 1: Action Points (From The Rebelstar Collection Players' Manual (1991))
  121. Julian Gollop and Nick Gollop. (1988). Laser Squad inlay.
    Cited by 1: Action Points
  122. Justin De Witt. (2009). Castle Panic rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Tower Defence Pathing (Move Monsters phase; attacking by arc and ring)
  123. Karsten Hartwig. (2014). Chinatown rules.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making (3. Trades)
  124. Ken St. Andre. (1975). Tunnels & Trolls (first edition).
    Cited by 1: Opposed Rolls (How to Have Combat, p. 11)
  125. Kesmai Corporation. (1997). Legends of Kesmai help file (LEGENDS.HLP).
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss (Topics Resurrection; Conflict Between Player Characters)
  126. Kevin Wilson. (2005). Descent: Journeys in the Dark rulebook.
    Cited by 1: One Versus Many (The overlord player, threat, and the overlord deck)
  127. Klaus Teuber (Kosmos). (1995). Catan rulebook.
    Cited by 4: End-Game Triggers (Ending the Game), Resource Conversion (Building costs card and maritime trade), Trading, Victory Points (Victory Points; Ending the Game)
  128. Klaus-Jürgen Wrede. (2000). Carcassonne rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Tile Placement
  129. Kota Nakayama (EmperorS4). (2016). Hanamikoji rulebook (English).
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose
  130. Lautapelit.fi. (2020). Eclipse: Second Dawn for the Galaxy rules.
    Cited by 1: Socketing (Upgrade)
  131. Leonard Balsera, Brian Engard, Jeremy Keller, Ryan Macklin, Mike Olson, Clark Valentine, Amanda Valentine, Fred Hicks, and Rob Donoghue. (2013). Fate Core System. Evil Hat Productions.
    Cited by 3: Aspects and Tags (Aspects & Fate Points chapter), Fail Forward, Metacurrency
  132. Leslie Scott. (1983). Jenga rules.
    Cited by 1: Dexterity
  133. Ludovic Roudy and Bruno Sautter. (2017). The 7th Continent rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Checkpoints and Saves (Saving the game; Dying), Exploration Procedures (Exploring; the action deck and hunger)
  134. Luke Crane. (2002). Burning Wheel rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Player-Authored Goals (Beliefs, Instincts, and Artha)
  135. Luke Crane. (2005). The Burning Wheel (Revised): Duel of Wits.
    Cited by 1: Social Conflict (pp. 95-108)
  136. Luke Crane. (2011). Burning Wheel Gold.
    Cited by 2: Fail Forward, Social Conflict (Duel of Wits, pp. 388–402)
  137. M. A. R. Barker. (1975). Empire of the Petal Throne.
    Cited by 1: Critical Hits (Combat; double damage on a roll of 20)
  138. Mac Gerdts. (2007). Hamburgum rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Rondel
  139. Mac Gerdts. (2009). Antike rulebook (2009 revision).
    Cited by 1: Rondel (Auf dem Rondell vorrücken)
  140. Mac Gerdts. (2016). Imperial rulebook (2016 edition).
    Cited by 1: Rondel
  141. Manuel Rozoy. (2015). T.I.M.E Stories rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Time Loops (Time units and the end of a run)
  142. Marc Miller. (1977). Traveller rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Lifepath Character Generation (Book 1, Characters and Combat: character generation)
  143. Marc W. Miller. (1977). Traveller, Book 2: Starships.
    Cited by 3: Loans and Debt (Starship economics; bank financing), Markets (Trade and Commerce, p. 42), Upkeep and Attrition (Starship economics; monthly costs)
  144. Marcel-André Casasola Merkle. (1998). Verräter rules.
    Cited by 1: Role Selection (Phase 2: Aktionen aussuchen)
  145. Margaret Weis Productions. (2010). Leverage Roleplaying Game.
    Cited by 1: Flashbacks (Flashbacks)
  146. Mark Rein-Hagen. (1991). Vampire: The Masquerade, first edition.
    Cited by 1: Dice Pool
  147. Marsha Falco. (1990). Set rules.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Recognition
  148. Martin Wallace. (2007). Brass rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Loans and Debt (Actions; taking a loan)
  149. Matt Leacock. (2008). Pandemic rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Cooperative Play (Turn sequence and the infection phase), Difficulty Settings (Setup; number of Epidemic cards)
  150. Matt Wilson. (2004). Primetime Adventures.
    Cited by 1: Scene Framing (Scenes; agenda, location, and screen presence)
  151. Matthew Kirby and Mark Alan Osterhaus. (1999). Apples to Apples rules.
    Cited by 1: Player Judge (Playing a round and the judge)
  152. Maxis. (2000). The Sims manual.
    Cited by 1: Needs and Moods (Needs and mood)
  153. Merle M. Rasmussen (edited by Allen Hammack). (1980). Top Secret. TSR Games.
    Cited by 1: Metacurrency (Optional Rules: Fame and Fortune, p. 45 (2nd printing, April 1980))
  154. Metagaming. (1975). Stellar Conquest rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees (Research, 6.5-6.6)
  155. Michael C. Toy and Kenneth C. R. C. Arnold. A Guide to the Dungeons of Doom. Computer Systems Research Group, University of California, Berkeley (4.4BSD User's Supplementary Documents, USD:30).
    Cited by 1: Permadeath (Section 4, Commands, S (save), p. USD:30-5)
  156. Michael Kiesling. (2017). Azul rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Building (Wall-tiling phase and scoring)
  157. Michael Schacht (Rio Grande Games). Coloretto rules.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose
  158. MicroProse (Sid Meier and Arnold Hendrick). (1987). Sid Meier's Pirates! manual, second edition.
    Cited by 1: Reputation & Factions (p. 18, Personal Status; p. 21, Arriving at a Town; pp. 37-38, The Governor and European Politics; p. 39, Spanish Trade Restrictions)
  159. Midway Mfg. Co. (1981). Rally-X manual (Midway).
    Cited by 1: Map Markers and Waypoints (Playing Instructions, p. 9)
  160. Mike Pondsmith. (1988). Cyberpunk 2013 rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Lifepath Character Generation (Lifepath)
  161. Milton Bradley. (1961). Stratego rules.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Piece Identity (Setup, movement, and attack sections)
  162. Milton Bradley. (1974). Connect Four rules.
    Cited by 1: Alignment Games
  163. Namco Bandai Games. (2011). Dark Souls instruction manual (Xbox 360).
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions (Online Features: Co-op; Invasion (How to start invasion, Invasion goal))
  164. National Basketball Association. (2023). Official Rules of the National Basketball Association.
    Cited by 2: Ball Possession (Rule 10, Violations and penalties), Game Clocks (Rule 7, Shot clock)
  165. NCS (Masaya). (1991). Langrisser instruction manual (Mega Drive).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (ユニットの能力とパラメータ, pp. 23-24; クラスチェンジ, p. 27; 指揮官クラスチェンジ系統図, p. 41)
  166. NCS Corporation. (1991). Warsong instruction manual (Genesis). Treco.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Parameters Which Only Commanders Have, p. 25; Rank Upgrade, p. 28; Moving Formation, p. 42)
  167. New World Computing. (1991). Might and Magic III: Isles of Terra manual.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures (Key commands, V - View Quests)
  168. Nexon Japan. (2005). MapleStory Playing Guide. Nexon Japan.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (次のステップを目指そう: 二次職業を目指そう (12th page))
  169. Nintendo. (1985). Super Mario Bros. instruction booklet.
    Cited by 2: Platforming (Controls and basic movement), Power-Ups (Mario's Friends)
  170. Nintendo. (1998). The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time instruction booklet.
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting (Navi and Z Targeting, pp. 11–12; Using the Sword, p. 20)
  171. Nintendo. (2000). The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask instruction booklet.
    Cited by 1: Time Loops (The three-day cycle and the Song of Time)
  172. Nintendo of America. (1992). Super Mario Kart instruction booklet.
    Cited by 1: Ghost Data (Master Tips)
  173. Nintendo of America. (1997). Mario Kart 64 instruction booklet.
    Cited by 1: Ghost Data (Time Trials: What is Your Ghost...?; Saving the Ghost; N64 Controller Pak, pp. 20–22)
  174. Nob Yoshigahara (ThinkFun). (1996). Rush Hour rules.
    Cited by 1: Sliding and Pushing Block Puzzles (Object and rules of play)
  175. Out of the Box Publishing. (2000). Apples to Apples rules (publisher's web copy).
    Cited by 1: Player Judge (Setting up the Game; How to Play)
  176. Outerlight. (2004). The Ship Play Guide (Wayback capture of 21 July 2004).
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending (2.1 Basic Tips; 2.2 Hunter & Quarry; 2.5 Security Zones, Fines & Radar)
  177. Paizo. (2019). Pathfinder Core Rulebook (second edition).
    Cited by 1: Action Points (Chapter 9: Playing the Game, actions and activities)
  178. Paizo. (2023). GM Core (Pathfinder Second Edition).
    Cited by 1: Socketing (Armor & Armaments: Runes, p. 224)
  179. Parker Brothers. (1904). Pit rules.
    Cited by 1: Real-Time Play
  180. Parker Brothers. (1935). Monopoly rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Auction and Bidding (Buying property and the auction rule), Player Elimination (Bankruptcy)
  181. Parker Brothers. (1935). Monopoly rules.
    Cited by 3: Income (Salary; passing Go), Loans and Debt (Mortgages), Roll and Move
  182. Parker Brothers. (1959). Risk rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Area Control (1963 printing), Player Elimination ((i). Elimination of Opponents)
  183. Parker Brothers. (1959). Risk: Rules of Play for Parker Brothers' Continental Game.
    Cited by 1: Opposed Rolls (p. 5, How to Attack; p. 11, The Original French Rules (1963 printing))
  184. Paul Dennen. (2020). Dune: Imperium rulebook. Dire Wolf.
    Cited by 1: End-Game Triggers (Round structure; Endgame)
  185. Peter Burley. (1983). Take It Easy rules.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Building
  186. Peter Prinz. (2007). Thebes rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Time Track
  187. Phil Barker, Bob O'Brien, and Ed Smith. (1969). War Games Rules 1000 BC to 500 AD. Wargames Research Group.
    Cited by 1: Point-Buy (Introduction, p. 1; Points Values and Competition Army, p. 3)
  188. Philippe des Pallières and Hervé Marly. (2001). The Werewolves of Millers Hollow rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Roles (Roles and the night phase)
  189. Ravensburger. (1959). Memory rules.
    Cited by 1: Memory
  190. Ravensburger. (1983). Scotland Yard rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Movement Pursuit (Mister X's travel log and surfacing turns)
  191. Reiner Knizia. (1992). Modern Art rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Auction and Bidding
  192. Reiner Knizia (Hans im Glück). (1997). Tigris and Euphrates rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Scoring (Victory points; End of the game)
  193. Renegade Game Studios (game design by Sid Sackson). (2023). Acquire rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Hidden Scoring (Setup, step 7)
  194. Richard Berthold, Don Greenwood, and Robert Haines. (1990). The Republic of Rome rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Semi-Cooperative (1.01; 1.07.334; 1.08.2; 1.12.2)
  195. Richard Garfield. (1994). RoboRally rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Simultaneous Action Selection (Programming registers)
  196. Richard Lambert, Andrew Rilstone, and James Wallis. (1993). Once Upon a Time rules.
    Cited by 1: Shared Narration (Telling the story and interrupting)
  197. Richard Launius and Kevin Wilson. (2005). Arkham Horror (second edition) rulebook. Fantasy Flight Games.
    Cited by 2: Progress Clocks, Sanity
  198. Rikki Tahta. (2012). Coup rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Bluff and Challenge (Challenges)
  199. Rob Daviau and Chris Dupuis. (2011). Risk Legacy rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Legacy Campaign (After the game; sealed packets)
  200. Rob Donoghue, Fred Hicks, and Leonard Balsera. (2006). Spirit of the Century. Evil Hat Productions.
    Cited by 2: Aspects and Tags (Aspects chapter), Flashbacks (Declarations)
  201. Rob Heinsoo and Jonathan Tweet. (2013). 13th Age.
    Cited by 1: Fail Forward (p. 42 (as quoted in an EN World forum post))
  202. Rob Heinsoo, Andy Collins, and James Wyatt (Wizards of the Coast). (2008). Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition, Player's Handbook.
    Cited by 3: Cooldowns (Power usage types: at-will, encounter, and daily powers), Subclasses (Chapter 2: Character Advancement table, p. 29; Chapter 4: Paragon Paths, p. 53), Threat and Aggro (Chapter 4 (Character Classes), defender role and the marked condition)
  203. Robert Donoghue and Fred Hicks. (2003). Fate 1.0.
    Cited by 1: Aspects and Tags
  204. Robert Harris. (1983). Talisman rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Inventory and Encumbrance (Objects)
  205. Robert J. Schwalb. (2015). Shadow of the Demon Lord.
    Cited by 1: Advantage / Disadvantage
  206. Roberto Fraga and Yohan Lemonnier. (2016). Captain Sonar rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Fog of War
  207. Robin D. Laws. (1996). Feng Shui rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Time Track
  208. Ron Edwards. (2001). Sorcerer.
    Cited by 1: Scene Framing (Running the game; scenes and cuts)
  209. Rugby School (Levee of the Sixth). (1845). Laws of Football as played at Rugby School.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (Rule xxxvi)
  210. S. John Ross. (1993). Risus.
    Cited by 1: Aspects and Tags
  211. Sage LaTorra and Adam Koebel. (2012). Dungeon World.
    Cited by 1: GM Moves (The GM; GM moves)
  212. Sandy Petersen. (1981). Call of Cthulhu. Chaosium.
    Cited by 1: Sanity
  213. Sandy Petersen. (1986). Call of Cthulhu, third edition. Chaosium.
    Cited by 1: Sanity
  214. Sega. (1999). Crazy Taxi owner's manual.
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver
  215. Sega. (1999). Shenmue instruction manual.
    Cited by 1: Quick-Time Events (Quick Timer Event section)
  216. Shane Lacy Hensley. (2003). Savage Worlds.
    Cited by 2: Advantage / Disadvantage, Rerolls (Bennies)
  217. Sid Meier and Bruce Shelley. (1991). Sid Meier's Civilization manual. MicroProse.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees (Civilization Tutorial, pp. 27-28; Cities and Civilizations, p. 5; Civilization Advances Chart; Designers' Notes)
  218. Sid Sackson. (1980). Can't Stop rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Push Your Luck
  219. Sid Sackson (3M). (1964). Acquire rules.
    Cited by 1: Stock Holding (Buying stock; mergers and shareholder bonuses)
  220. Simulations Publications, Inc. (1973). Red Star/White Star Consolidated Errata & Addenda.
    Cited by 1: Interrupts and Reactions (Combat (E); Sequence of Play E)
  221. Sir-Tech Software. (1981). Wizardry: Proving Grounds of the Mad Overlord, Player's Guide.
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty (p. 16; p. 33, The Temple of Cant)
  222. Square. (1997). Final Fantasy VII instruction manual (USA). Sony Computer Entertainment America.
    Cited by 1: Socketing (Menu Screen Commands: 3. Materia, pp. 33-34; Equip, Materia Slots, p. 35)
  223. Square Enix. (2007). Final Fantasy V Advance instruction booklet (AGB-BZ5P).
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing (The Job System: Why Get a Job?; What's an Ability? (English section, pp. 22-23))
  224. Steffan O'Sullivan. (1993). FUDGE (December 1993 text).
    Cited by 1: Aspects and Tags (Chapter 2, 2.5 Subjective Character Creation)
  225. Steffen Benndorf. (2012). Qwixx rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Roll and Write (Marking numbers and locking rows)
  226. Steffen Bogen. (2014). Camel Up rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Betting
  227. Stephen Baker. (1989). HeroQuest rulebook.
    Cited by 1: One Versus Many (The evil wizard player)
  228. Stephen Baker. (1989). HeroQuest rulebook and Quest Book.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures (Quest Book)
  229. Steve Jackson. (1986). GURPS Basic Set. Steve Jackson Games.
    Cited by 1: Point-Buy
  230. Steve Jackson. (2013). Ogre rulebook (sixth edition). Steve Jackson Games.
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games (Basic scenario and victory conditions)
  231. Steve Perrin, Ray Turney, Steve Henderson, and Warren James. (1978). RuneQuest.
    Cited by 1: Hit Location (Melee combat; hit location table and armour by location)
  232. Take-Two Interactive (Sony classic manuals). (1998). Grand Theft Auto manual (PlayStation).
    Cited by 1: Map Markers and Waypoints (Mission Arrow, PDF p. 6)
  233. Ted Alspach. (2012). Suburbia rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Adjacency Bonuses (Placing tiles; adjacency effects)
  234. Ted Raicer (GMT Games). (1999). Paths of Glory rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Supply Lines (Supply)
  235. The 3DO Company. (1996). Meridian 59 User's Guide.
    Cited by 2: Full-Loot Loss (Saving Your Character, Death (guide-7); Challenge Combat: The Arena (guide-43)), Security Zones (Who's Who: Murderers and Outlaws (guide-28); Places (guide-35); Challenge Combat: The Arena (guide-43); Death (guide-7))
  236. The Football Association. (1863). Laws of the Game (1863).
    Cited by 2: Ball Possession (Laws 3, 5, 7, and 8 to 12), Side Swapping (Law 3)
  237. The Football Association. (1874). Laws of the Game (1874).
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (Laws 5, 7, and 11)
  238. The Football Association. (1875). Laws of the Game (1875).
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping (Law 3)
  239. ThinkFun. (2014). Gravity Maze instructions.
    Cited by 1: Physics Puzzles (Challenge cards and setup)
  240. Thomas Sing. (2019). The Crew rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Trick-Taking (Playing a trick and the communication rule)
  241. Tim Fowers. (2015). Burgle Bros. rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Stealth and Detection (Guard movement and alarms)
  242. Tom Moldvay (TSR). (1981). Dungeons & Dragons, Basic Rulebook.
    Cited by 2: Loot Distribution (Dividing Magical Treasure, pp. B60-B61), Morale and Rout
  243. Tory Niemann. (2010). Alien Frontiers rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Dice Placement (Docking ships at orbital facilities)
  244. United States Golf Association. USGA Handicap System manual.
    Cited by 1: Handicapping (Handicap index calculation and net scoring)
  245. University of Cambridge. (1856). Cambridge Rules.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (Rule 3)
  246. Uwe Rosenberg. (2007). Agricola rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Upkeep and Attrition (Harvest; feeding phase and begging cards)
  247. Uwe Rosenberg. (2008). Le Havre rules (English). Lookout Games.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency (Main Action B: The Building Action, p. 5; End of a Round: Feeding phase, pp. 7-8)
  248. Uwe Rosenberg. (2025). Patchwork rulebook (current edition).
    Cited by 1: Time Track
  249. Verant Interactive (Sony Online Entertainment). (1999). EverQuest manual.
    Cited by 1: Threat and Aggro (Combat skills, Taunt)
  250. Vincent Tsao. Junta rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Deal-Making (Phase 2, Cabinet appointments; Phase 4, The Budget)
  251. Vital Lacerda. (2012). CO2 rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Semi-Cooperative
  252. Vlaada Chvátil. (2008). Space Alert rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Real-Time Play (The real-time phase)
  253. Vlaada Chvátil. (2011). Mage Knight Board Game rulebook. WizKids.
    Cited by 2: Damage Types and Resistances (Enemy abilities, Resistances), Random Upgrade Offers
  254. Vlaada Chvátil. (2015). Codenames rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Team Play (Setup and the spymaster role)
  255. Vlaada Chvátil. (2018). Mage Knight Board Game Ultimate Edition, Walkthrough. WizKids.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers (Level Ups, Skill Level Ups and Learning from other players, p. 17)
  256. Vlaada Chvátil (Czech Games Edition). (2015). Codenames rules.
    Cited by 1: Clue Giving (One Word, p. 4; invalid clues, pp. 5-6)
  257. W. Read (printer). (1755). The Game at Cricket, as Settled by the Several Cricket-Clubs (1755 printing).
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping (The Game at Cricket; Laws for the Umpires)
  258. West End Games. (1986). Ghostbusters, A Frightfully Cheerful Roleplaying Game.
    Cited by 2: Aspects and Tags (Training Manual, pp. 2-4 (Traits; Talents)), Dice Pool
  259. Westwood Studios. (1992). Dune II Manual.
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering (Terrain: Spice Field; Units: Harvester; Exploration; Mounds)
  260. Will Wright (Maxis). (1989). SimCity manual.
    Cited by 1: Adjacency Bonuses (The Icons, p. 60; Land Value, p. 75 (Infogrames Amstrad and Spectrum edition, 1990))
  261. William Attia. (2005). Caylus rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Worker Placement
  262. Williams Electronics. (1982). Moon Patrol instruction manual.
    Cited by 1: Checkpoints and Saves (16-3007-101, September 1982: Game Operation; Special Points; Game Adjustments)
  263. Winning Moves (licensed from Hasbro). (2008). Risk rules, reproduction of the 1959 edition.
    Cited by 1: Player Elimination (Object of the game; (i). Elimination of Opponents)
  264. Wizards of the Coast. Magic: The Gathering Comprehensive Rules.
    Cited by 2: Cooldowns (Tapping and untapping; untap step), Interrupts and Reactions (Timing and priority; the stack)
  265. Wizards of the Coast. Magic: The Gathering Tournament Rules.
    Cited by 1: Tournament Formats
  266. Wizards of the Coast. (2000). Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition, Player's Handbook.
    Cited by 6: Cover Systems (Combat chapter, Cover and Concealment), Critical Hits (Chapter 8 (Combat), Critical Hits), Grid Movement (Combat chapter, Movement and Position), Line of Sight (Combat chapter and Magic chapter, line of sight and line of effect), Stealth and Detection (Skills chapter, Hide, Move Silently, Spot, and Listen), Zone of Control (Combat chapter, Attacks of Opportunity and Threatened Squares)
  267. Wizards of the Coast. (2000). Player's Handbook, 3rd edition.
    Cited by 2: Initiative Order (Chapter 8 (Combat), Initiative), Interrupts and Reactions (Chapter 8 (Combat), Attacks of Opportunity)
  268. Wizards of the Coast. (2000). Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook, 3rd edition.
    Cited by 2: Opposed Rolls (Chapter 4, Skills, opposed checks), Target Numbers (Introduction, The Core Mechanic)
  269. Wizards of the Coast. (2003). Multiclass Characters (Hypertext d20 SRD).
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing (Classes: Multiclass Characters)
  270. Wizards of the Coast. (2003). Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 System Reference Document.
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing (Races: Favored Class)
  271. Wizards of the Coast. (2004). The Original Magic Rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Interrupts and Reactions
  272. Wizards of the Coast. (2008). Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition, Dungeon Master's Guide.
    Cited by 1: Boss Encounters (Chapter 4 (Building Encounters), monster roles and solo monsters)
  273. Wizards of the Coast. (2014). Player's Handbook, 5th edition.
    Cited by 9: Advantage / Disadvantage (Chapter 7: Using Ability Scores, Advantage and Disadvantage), Damage Types and Resistances (Chapter 9 (Combat), Damage Resistance and Vulnerability), Experience Levels, Hit Points, Interrupts and Reactions (Chapter 9 (Combat), Reactions), Metacurrency, Point-Buy (Chapter 1 (Step-by-Step Characters), Variant: Customizing Ability Scores), Saving Throws, Status Effects (Appendix A (Conditions))
  274. Wizards of the Coast. (2016). System Reference Document 5.1.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Classes: Cleric, Divine Domain; Fighter, Martial Archetype; Wizard, Arcane Tradition)
  275. Wizards of the Coast. (2025). System Reference Document 5.2.1.
    Cited by 2: Multiclassing (Character Creation: Multiclassing, pp. 24-25), Subclasses (Classes: Barbarian, Level 3: Barbarian Subclass)
  276. Wizards of the Coast (DCI). (2000). Netrunner DCI Floor Rules, 1999-2000 tournament season.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping (Rules 811 to 817)
  277. Wolfgang Kramer and Michael Kiesling. (1999). Tikal rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Action Points
  278. Wolfgang Kramer and Richard Ulrich. (1995). El Grande rulebook.
    Cited by 1: Area Control
  279. Wolfpack Studios (Ubi Soft). (2003). Shadowbane game manual.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows (Chapter 13, Sieges, pp. 162-171)
  280. World Bridge Federation. (2017). Laws of Duplicate Bridge.
    Cited by 1: Contract Bidding (Law 77, scoring table)

Websites

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    Cited by 1: Social Conflict
  2. Aage Nielsen (aagenielsen.dk). (2021). World Tafl Federation Championship 2021.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping (Tournament rules)
  3. Activision Support. What are Scorestreaks?. Activision.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties
  4. Afterlife guild. DKP Explanation (Historical): Afterlife Dragon Lotto Rules.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  5. alt.games.everquest. (1999). Test Server Patch - Trade Skill Improvements.
    Cited by 1: Procs
  6. Amazon Games. (2021). New World: War (Getting Started), in-game text, NWGuide database.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows
  7. Amazon Games. (2024). Throne and Liberty Update 1.3.0.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder
  8. Amazon Games. (2025). THRONE AND LIBERTY Update 2.8.0.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Party Matchmaking)
  9. Amazon Games. (2025). Update 2.16.0.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Raid: Altar of Calanthia)
  10. Amazon Games (in-game text, via New World Database). New World lore: Company Treasury.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings
  11. Amiable Rashala. (2007). POS's explained.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows (Reinforced Mode)
  12. Andrew Plotkin. (2010). Werewolf.
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  13. Andrew Stephens. (2010). Game Review: Cutthroat Caverns. sheep.horse.
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting
  14. Anne Lewis (Bethesda). (2021). Deathloop PvP details.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  15. Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe. (2022). ELDEN RING: Introduction to the Multiplayer System.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  16. Behaviour Interactive. (2016). Dead by Daylight (Steam store page).
    Cited by 1: Procedural Generation (About This Game: Key Features, Where Am I?)
  17. Behaviour Interactive. (2024). 8.3.0 | Mid-Chapter.
    Cited by 1: Status Effects (Killer Perk Updates; Survivor Perk Updates)
  18. Blizzard Entertainment. Warcraft III: Spell Basics.
    Cited by 1: Cooldowns
  19. Blizzard Entertainment. Realm Character Types (Diablo II, The Arreat Summit). Blizzard Entertainment.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues (Ladder Characters; Ladder Games Have Increased Difficulty)
  20. Blizzard Entertainment. Diablo II Ladder FAQ. Blizzard Entertainment.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues (When will the ladder be reset?)
  21. Blizzard Entertainment. (2000). Diablo II Strategy Guide - Items: The Horadric Cube.
    Cited by 1: Item Modification (Transmuting Formulas)
  22. Blizzard Entertainment. (2000). Unique Axes (The Arreat Summit, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Procs
  23. Blizzard Entertainment. (2000). Items: Socketed Items and Gems (The Arreat Summit).
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  24. Blizzard Entertainment. (2001). Crafted Items.
    Cited by 1: Item Modification
  25. Blizzard Entertainment. (2001). Exceptional Unique Axes (The Arreat Summit, Lord of Destruction, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Procs
  26. Blizzard Entertainment. (2001). Items: Rune Words (The Arreat Summit).
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  27. Blizzard Entertainment. (2004). World of Warcraft: Death (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty (Death; Being a Ghost; Finding Your Corpse)
  28. Blizzard Entertainment. (2004). World of Warcraft: Death (pre-release, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  29. Blizzard Entertainment. (2004). World of Warcraft: Public Transportation.
    Cited by 1: Exploration Procedures
  30. Blizzard Entertainment. (2004). World of Warcraft: Spells.
    Cited by 2: Interrupts and Reactions, Status Effects
  31. Blizzard Entertainment. (2004). World of Warcraft: Bags.
    Cited by 1: Inventory and Encumbrance
  32. Blizzard Entertainment. (2004). World of Warcraft: Info - Trade Skills.
    Cited by 2: Item Modification, Resource Gathering
  33. Blizzard Entertainment. (2005). World of Warcraft: Realm Types (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  34. Blizzard Entertainment. (2005). World of Warcraft: Talents.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  35. Blizzard Entertainment. (2006). World of Warcraft: Raid Tips.
    Cited by 1: Appointment Mechanics
  36. Blizzard Entertainment. (2007). World of Warcraft: Daily Quests.
    Cited by 1: Appointment Mechanics
  37. Blizzard Entertainment. (2007). World of Warcraft: Resting.
    Cited by 1: Appointment Mechanics
  38. Blizzard Entertainment. (2008). World of Warcraft: Arena.
    Cited by 1: Rating and Matchmaking
  39. Blizzard Entertainment. (2009). World of Warcraft: Achievement Tips.
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  40. Blizzard Entertainment. (2012). World of Warcraft: Patch 5.0, Mists of Pandaria Pre-Patch notes (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Patch Features: New Talent System)
  41. Blizzard Entertainment. (2016). Preview: Mythic Keystones.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings
  42. Blizzard Entertainment. (2022). Dragonflight Pre-Expansion Update Notes.
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty (Characters)
  43. Blizzard Entertainment. (2022). World of Warcraft: Dragonflight Talent Preview.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  44. BoardGameGeek. (2006). BoardGameGeek mechanic list (archived).
    Cited by 1: Hand Management
  45. Brendan (Necropraxis). (2012). Abstracting missiles.
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  46. Bruno Bord. (2016). The Black Hack SRD (English).
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  47. Burning Wheel Forums. (2021). Thoughts on Duel of Wits, social skills and player control.
    Cited by 1: Social Conflict
  48. Byron Mudry. (2006). WoW Patch 1.3. Ten Ton Hammer.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Meeting Stones)
  49. Byron Mudry. (2006). WoW Patch 1.7. Ten Ton Hammer.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Meeting Stones)
  50. Cards Against Humanity. (2009). Cards Against Humanity (first public rules).
    Cited by 1: Player Judge
  51. Carrion Fields, LLC. (2001). Carrion Fields: Help, Classes, Warrior (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses
  52. Carrion Fields, LLC. (2002). Carrion Fields: Help, Specialize; Weapon Specialization (Wayback captures).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (HELP SPECIALIZE; HELP WEAPON SPECIALIZATION)
  53. CCP Atlas (CCP Games). (2007). The Almighty Corporation.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings
  54. CCP CAPSLOCK (CCP Games). (2003). Improvements and Bug Fixes.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Improvements, Corporation Management)
  55. CCP Games. (2004). EVE Online New Player Guide: Security status (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  56. CCP Games. (2004). EVE Online New Player Guide: Being targeted (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  57. CCP Games. (2004). Shiva: Additional ISK accounts (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings
  58. CCP Games. (2004). EVE Online: EXODUS.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Corporation Improvements)
  59. CCP Games. (2005). EVE Online Player Guide: Skills (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 2: Appointment Mechanics (7: Skills, Skill advancement), Full-Loot Loss (Skills and Character Death; Implants)
  60. CCP Games. (2005). EVE Online Player Guide: Interface (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 2: Appointment Mechanics (5: Interface, Character Sheet, Skills), Lock-On Targeting (5: Interface, Ship Modules)
  61. CCP Games. (2005). EVE Online Player Guide: Ship Fitting (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Equipment and Loadouts (8: Ship Fitting, Hi-Slots, Hardpoints, Turrets and Launchers; Mid-Slots and Lo-Slots)
  62. CCP Games. (2005). EVE Online Player Guide: Tips and Advice (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  63. CCP Games. (2007). EVE Online Player Guide: The Market Categories (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Damage Types and Resistances (Ship Equipment: Hull & Armor; Shield)
  64. CCP Games. (2007). EVE Online Player Guide: Electronic Warfare (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting (Sensor dampening)
  65. CCP Games. (2007). EVE Online Player Guide: Skills (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting (The Skill Categories)
  66. CCP Games. (2015). Patch notes for Aegis Sovereignty.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows (Version 1.0 (14 July 2015); Version 1.2)
  67. CCP Games. (2015). Citadels, sieges and you.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows
  68. CCP Games. (2018). Upwell 2.0: Structures Changes Coming On February 13th! (UPDATED).
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows (Pillar #2: New Vulnerability and Reinforcement System)
  69. CCP Masterplan (CCP Games). (2012). Introducing the new and improved Crimewatch.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  70. CelestialAmber. TetrisNESDisasm, main.asm.
    Cited by 1: Pseudo-Random Distribution (pickRandomTetrimino)
  71. Chaosium (Pendragon rules wiki). Traits & Passions.
    Cited by 1: Relationship Systems
  72. Charles B. Darrow. (1935). Game-board (US Patent 2,026,082).
    Cited by 1: Trading
  73. Chris (Grinding Gear Games). (2011). Dev Diary: Rethinking Gold as a Currency. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency (The four properties of a pseudo-currency)
  74. Chris Hecker. (2002). Indie Game Jam 0 (Wayback capture of 11 January 2006).
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending (Games, Dueling Machine)
  75. Chris Hecker. (2019). About SpyParty (Wayback capture of 29 December 2019).
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending (About page, press quotations from GDC 2009, and comment of 19 March 2011)
  76. Chris Wilson (Grinding Gear Games). (2017). Trade Manifesto.
    Cited by 1: Trading
  77. CI Games. (2023). Lords of the Fallen: Frequently Asked Questions.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  78. CI Games. (2025). V2.0.51 - Optional Invasions & New Updated Armour Sets.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  79. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Game Settings, Crucible.
    Cited by 1: Boss Encounters
  80. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Game Settings, Game Difficulties.
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings
  81. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Character, Masteries.
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing
  82. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Character, Character Basics.
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing (Spending Skill Points)
  83. Crate Entertainment. Guide: About, Introduction.
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing
  84. Crate Entertainment. Grim Dawn on Steam.
    Cited by 1: Multiclassing
  85. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Character, Factions.
    Cited by 1: Reputation & Factions
  86. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Character, Devotion.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  87. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Items, Components.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  88. Crate Entertainment. Guide: Gameplay, Service NPCs.
    Cited by 1: Socketing (Inventor)
  89. cwhite (intwischa.com). (2011). Cascading Dice: A House Rule for Tracking Ammunition.
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  90. Demian's Gamebook Web Page. Consider the Consequences!.
    Cited by 1: Multiple Endings (Item 11406)
  91. Demian's Gamebook Web Page. Sugarcane Island.
    Cited by 1: Multiple Endings (Item 162)
  92. Derek Yu (Mossmouth forums). (2009). Spelunky changelog.
    Cited by 1: Roguelike Meta-Progression
  93. Derek Yu (Mossmouth). (2009). Spelunky 1.1 source code.
    Cited by 1: Roguelike Meta-Progression (spelunky.gmk, Tunnel Man scripts (highscore_add "TUNNEL1" and "TUNNEL2"; global.tunnel1 and global.tunnel2))
  94. Digital Extremes. (2019). Mods Guide.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  95. DIKU MUD team (repository of co-author Michael Seifert). (1991). DikuMUD source (Gamma release).
    Cited by 2: Death Penalty (fight.c, die() and make_corpse(); limits.c, gain_exp() and corpse decay), Procs (spec_procs.c; spec_assign.c; doc/dbsup.doc)
  96. Early Cricket (earlycricket.uk). The Laws of Cricket.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping
  97. Eleventh Hour Games. Last Epoch on Steam.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses
  98. Eleventh Hour Games. (2021). Beta 0.8.2 Patch Notes. Last Epoch forums (Eleventh Hour Games).
    Cited by 2: Difficulty Settings (Monolith of Fate), Exploration Procedures (Monolith of Fate)
  99. Eleventh Hour Games. (2024). Last Epoch 1.0 Patch Notes. Last Epoch forums (Eleventh Hour Games).
    Cited by 3: Difficulty Settings (Monolith of Fate), Reputation & Factions (Item Factions), Trading (Item Factions; The Bazaar; Trading)
  100. Eleventh Hour Games. (2024). Last Epoch: Harbingers of Ruin Patch Notes. Eleventh Hour Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues (Cycle section)
  101. Eleventh Hour Games. (2025). Quality of Life, Dungeon & Other Improvements: Coming to Last Epoch April 17th.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Mastery Respecialization)
  102. Elizabeth Magie Phillips. (1924). Game-board (US Patent 1,509,312).
    Cited by 1: Player Elimination
  103. ENNIE Awards. (2025). Hall of Fame Inductee: Palace of the Vampire Queen (1976).
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  104. Epic Games. Creating Gameplay with Devices in Fortnite.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  105. Epic Games. Visibility Screen.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  106. Epic Games. (1999). Unreal Tournament Botpack source documentation: DeathMatchPlus. Carnegie Mellon University Entertainment Technology Center project archive.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties (Killed(), NotifySpree(), EndSpree())
  107. Epic Games. (1999). Unreal Tournament Botpack source documentation: KillingSpreeMessage. Carnegie Mellon University Entertainment Technology Center project archive.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties
  108. Epic Games. (2018). Fortnite v5.40 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 1: Loot Tables (Battle Royale, Weapons + Items, Rarity color adjustments)
  109. Epic Games. (2018). Fortnite v4.1 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 1: Loot Tables (Battle Royale, Limited-Time Mashup: Infinity Gauntlet, Loot)
  110. Epic Games. (2018). Fortnite v4.0 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups (Battle Royale, Hop Rocks)
  111. Epic Games. (2018). Fortnite v6.00 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups (Battle Royale, Weapons + Items)
  112. Epic Games. (2018). Fortnite v4.3 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 1: Team Play (Battle Royale, Limited Time Mode: Teams of 20 v2)
  113. Epic Games. (2019). Fortnite v8.20 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 2: Rating and Matchmaking (Battle Royale, Events, New Feature: Arena Game Mode), Resource Gathering (Battle Royale, Siphon/Material Changes)
  114. Epic Games. (2019). Fortnite v8.30 Patch Notes.
    Cited by 1: Team Play (Battle Royale, Weapons + Items, Reboot Van / Cards)
  115. Eric Lempel (PlayStation Blog). (2008). Firmware v2.40 walkthrough, part 2: Trophies.
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  116. EverQuest official site. (2007). Tip of the Week: The Notes Window.
    Cited by 1: Quest Structures
  117. FM-7 Museum. MANBIKI SYONEN.
    Cited by 1: Stealth and Detection
  118. Furey, Hatchet and Kahn (repository of Alex McHale). (1993). Merc 2.1 source code.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones (src/fight.c, check_killer(); src/special.c, spec_guard() and spec_executioner(); doc/new.txt)
  119. GamerGuides. (2026). Runewords (Vessel of Hatred), Diablo IV guide.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  120. Geoffrey Engelstein. (2019). Building Blocks of Tabletop Game Design, There Will Be Games forum thread.
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver
  121. GM Grimmi (CCP Games). (2009). The Way of the PLEX.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency
  122. Golden_LaRcHyS_, edited by {SLY}white_wolf and RaisinMan. (2001). Sunken Colony Defense 5 Way (StarCraft map metadata).
    Cited by 1: Tower Defence Pathing
  123. Gravity Corp. (2002). Ragnarok Online: Character Information, Swordsman and Knight (Korean official site, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Character menu; 전직 (job change))
  124. Gravity Corp. (2003). Ragnarok Online: Game Guide, 2-2 Jobs, Crusader (Korean official site, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (2-2차직업 > 크루세이더; 전직안내)
  125. Gravity Corp. (2003). Ragnarok Online: Notice 490, Sakray server reset on 3 June (Korean official site, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (업데이트 내용 (update contents), 27 May 2003)
  126. Gravity Corp. (2003). Ragnarok Online: Notice 543, 12 August maintenance (Korean official site, Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (본 서버 패치내용 (main server patch), 11 August 2003)
  127. Gravity Interactive. (2004). Ragnarok - Game Guide - Characters: Knight; Crusader (Wayback captures).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Job Change Information)
  128. Greg Street (Ghostcrawler), Blizzard Entertainment. (2012). Dev Watercooler: Mists of Pandaria Looting Explained.
    Cited by 1: Loot Distribution
  129. Grim Dawn Steam community players. (2018). What do you loose when you Die???. Steam Community.
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  130. Grinding Gear Games. Path of Exile game overview.
    Cited by 4: Difficulty Settings, Loot Tables, Procs, Trading
  131. Grinding Gear Games. Path of Exile: Ascendancy.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees
  132. Grinding Gear Games. (2012). Resistance Penalties (and a league to test them!).
    Cited by 2: Damage Types and Resistances, Seasonal Leagues
  133. Grinding Gear Games. (2012). Path of Exile game overview (closed beta).
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  134. Grinding Gear Games. (2013). Item Data: Currency.
    Cited by 1: Item Modification (Chaos Orb, Exalted Orb, Orb of Alteration, Orb of Augmentation, Regal Orb, Orb of Scouring, Divine Orb, Orb of Transmutation)
  135. Grinding Gear Games. (2013). Path of Exile: Game overview.
    Cited by 1: Item Modification
  136. Grinding Gear Games. (2013). Path of Exile Open Beta Phase Two. Grinding Gear Games.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  137. Grinding Gear Games. (2014). 1.2.0 Patch Notes - Forsaken Masters.
    Cited by 1: Item Modification
  138. Grinding Gear Games. (2016). Path of Exile: Ascendancy Classes (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses
  139. Grinding Gear Games. (2017). Path of Exile 3.0.0: The Fall of Oriath Patch Notes.
    Cited by 2: Damage Types and Resistances, Status Effects
  140. Grinding Gear Games. (2024). Introducing the Currency Exchange Market.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency
  141. Grinding Gear Games. (2025). Content Update 3.26.0 -- Path of Exile: Secrets of the Atlas.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency
  142. Grinding Gear Games. (2025). Content Update 0.2.0 -- Path of Exile 2: Dawn of the Hunt.
    Cited by 2: Commodity Currency, Item Modification
  143. Gritstone Games. (2021). Tafl Champions: Ancient Chess (Steam store page).
    Cited by 1: Hunt Games
  144. Guinness World Records. First PS3 game to offer a platinum trophy.
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  145. Guinness World Records. First videogame to use checkpoints.
    Cited by 1: Checkpoints and Saves
  146. Guinness World Records. First videogame to log high scores.
    Cited by 1: High-Score Tables
  147. Guinness World Records. First videogame with multiple endings.
    Cited by 1: Multiple Endings
  148. Guinness World Records. First rhythm-action videogame.
    Cited by 1: Rhythm Action
  149. Gun Media. (2017). Friday the 13th: The Game (Steam store page).
    Cited by 1: One Versus Many (About This Game)
  150. Hamster (Nintendo eShop). (2021). Arcade Archives RALLY-X.
    Cited by 1: Map Markers and Waypoints
  151. Henry C. Sterchi, Edward A. Ridgeway, and Denis P. Dyack (Nintendo of America). (2005). Sanity system for video game (US Patent 6,935,954 B2).
    Cited by 1: Sanity
  152. Hexworks (CI Games). (2023). CO-OP & MULTIPLAYER - HEXWORKS DEV JOURNALS.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions
  153. IMDb. Trust Me (TV Series 2000).
    Cited by 1: Cooperate or Defect
  154. Ingenium (Canada Science and Technology Museum). Touring card game, artifact 2005.0034.001.
    Cited by 1: Take That
  155. International Roguelike Development Conference. (2008). The Berlin Interpretation (definition of roguelike).
    Cited by 2: Permadeath, Roguelike Meta-Progression
  156. John H. Kim. (2004). Hero Point Mechanics.
    Cited by 1: Metacurrency
  157. John McLeod (pagat.com). Gin Rummy.
    Cited by 1: End-Game Triggers
  158. John McLeod (pagat.com). Whist.
    Cited by 1: Trick-Taking
  159. Joseph Assheton Fincher. (1888). A New and Improved Game (UK Patent 16,215).
    Cited by 1: Dexterity
  160. Joshua K. Ingalls. (1880). Game-board (US Patent 226,615).
    Cited by 1: Dexterity
  161. Keith Johnstone. Improvisation: The Origins of Theatresports.
    Cited by 1: Audience Participation (Extract from Impro for Storytellers, on the author's site)
  162. Kennesaw State University AEGIS digital museum. Gavitt's Stock Exchange (G-S-E).
    Cited by 1: Trading
  163. Larian Studios. Baldur's Gate 3 on Steam.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (About This Game)
  164. LizardIRL (Maxroll). Passives and Skills.
    Cited by 1: Skill Trees (Passive Trees; Skill Specialization)
  165. Lizzie J. Magie. (1904). Game-board (US Patent 748,626).
    Cited by 1: Trading
  166. Lorenz Wiest. Star Raiders reverse-engineered source code.
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting
  167. Lylirra (Blizzard Entertainment). (2011). World of Warcraft Class Talent System. Blizzard Entertainment.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Class Talents vs. Specialization Abilities)
  168. Mage Knight: Level Ups. UltraBoardGames.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  169. Mark Moxon. Elite source code (BBC Micro cassette version): main flight loop, part 11 of 16.
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting
  170. Mark Moxon. Elite source code (BBC Micro cassette version): ABORT2.
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting
  171. Mark Moxon. Elite on the 6502: Market item prices and availability.
    Cited by 1: Markets
  172. Masaaki Yamagiwa (Sony Interactive Entertainment). (2015). Bloodborne: How to Make the Most of Multiplayer.
    Cited by 1: Player Invasions (Versus PvP)
  173. Maxroll. Last Epoch: Passives and Skills.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Passive Trees)
  174. Moxjet200. (2020). End-Game System Update: Monolith of Fate. Last Epoch forums (Eleventh Hour Games).
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers (Blessings)
  175. Mythic Entertainment. (2001). Dark Age of Camelot: Classes of the Realm of Albion (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (Starting Classes; Advanced Classes)
  176. Naismith Basketball Foundation. Naismith's Rules for Basketball.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession
  177. NBA.com. 1954-55 season recap.
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession
  178. NCsoft. (2002). NCsoft: Lineage, Blood Pledges: Castle Sieges and War (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows (Castle Sieges and War)
  179. NCSOFT. (2023). Lineage artbook.
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows (Season 1, EP 3 (Kent Castle))
  180. Niantic. (2018). Friends, Gifts and Trading update post.
    Cited by 1: Gifting
  181. Nikoli. Sudoku.
    Cited by 1: Constraint Logic Puzzles
  182. Nintendo. Mario Kart Wii.
    Cited by 1: Ghost Data
  183. Nintendo. How to Share a Level (Super Mario Maker for Nintendo 3DS).
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  184. Nintendo. Beginner Basics for Animal Crossing: New Horizons: Growing your island.
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering (Enhance your dream home with Nook's Cranny)
  185. Nintendo. (2007). Excitebike (Nintendo game page).
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  186. Nintendo. (2019). Super Mario Maker 2 (Nintendo game page).
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  187. Nintendo. (2021). Super Mario Maker for Wii U Discontinuations FAQ.
    Cited by 1: Level Editors
  188. OpenBSD. mille(6) manual page.
    Cited by 1: Interrupts and Reactions
  189. Origin Systems. (1997). Ultima Online publish notes: 10th October 1997. uo.com.
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering
  190. Origin Systems. (1997). Ultima Online publish notes: 5th November 1997. uo.com.
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering
  191. Origin Systems. (1997). Ultima Online publish notes: 29th October 1997. uo.com.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones (Notoriety)
  192. Origin Systems. (1997). Ultima Online publish notes: 9th December 1997. uo.com.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones (Last minute changes)
  193. Origin Systems. (1998). Ultima Online: Help and Guidance, Dying (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 2: Death Penalty (Death!; Resurrection; Being Dead; Your stats), Full-Loot Loss (Resurrection; Being Dead)
  194. Origin Systems. (1998). Ultima Online publish notes: 11th June 1998. uo.com.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  195. Origin Systems. (1999). Ultima Online Publish 1, 23 November 1999.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (House co-ownership; strongboxes; locked-down stacks)
  196. Origin Systems. (2000). Ultima Online publish notes: Publish 5, 27th April 2000. uo.com.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones (Land Expansion)
  197. Origin Systems. (2000). Ultima Online Publish 7, 3 September 2000.
    Cited by 1: Shared Holdings (Lock Down and Secure Changes)
  198. Osher Map Library. Cargoes.
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver
  199. Peter Regan. (2016). The Black Hack (Kickstarter campaign).
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  200. Raph Koster. (2006). UO's resource system, part 2.
    Cited by 1: Resource Gathering
  201. Ravensburger. memory brand page.
    Cited by 1: Memory
  202. (1991). rec.games.board.ce monthly posting.
    Cited by 1: Cooperate or Defect
  203. rec.games.mud.diku. (1997). Toril.
    Cited by 1: Procs
  204. Riot Games. (2021). Patch 11.23 notes.
    Cited by 1: Lane Pushing (Objective Bounties)
  205. Riot Games. (2022). Map and Modes (Wild Rift).
    Cited by 1: Lane Pushing
  206. Riot Games. (2023). Premier Launch FAQ.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping
  207. Riot Games. (2024). Patch 14.21 Notes.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties (Bounties)
  208. Robin Torres (WoW Insider). (2010). Cataclysm class and mastery systems explained.
    Cited by 1: Subclasses (The Rise of Specialization; To Recap)
  209. Roger G-S (Roles, Rules, and Rolls). (2014). Ammo made easy: three left on 3.
    Cited by 1: Usage Dice
  210. Russ Taylor. (1995). ROM 2.4 beta 2 source distribution.
    Cited by 1: Procs (src/fight.c, one_hit(); README.version)
  211. Russ Taylor. (1998). ROM 2.4b6 src/fight.c (stock copy).
    Cited by 1: Procs (one_hit())
  212. Science Museum Group. Railway Rivals (Rostherne Games set).
    Cited by 1: Network and Route Building
  213. Set Enterprises. (2015). Company information.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Recognition
  214. Spiel des Jahres. Manhattan.
    Cited by 1: Area Control
  215. Spiel des Jahres. El Grande.
    Cited by 1: Area Control
  216. Spiel des Jahres. Bluff.
    Cited by 1: Bluff and Challenge
  217. Spiel des Jahres. Azul.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Building
  218. Spiel des Jahres. Can't Stop.
    Cited by 1: Push Your Luck
  219. Spotlight on Games. Red Star/White Star.
    Cited by 1: Interrupts and Reactions
  220. Spotlight on Games. (2011). History of the 'Take That!' Card Game.
    Cited by 1: Take That
  221. Square Enix. FINAL FANTASY XIV Game Manual: Party Play.
    Cited by 1: Group Finder (Duty Finder; Party Finder)
  222. Star Vault. (2023). Patch Notes 2.0, Unreal Engine 5 Massive Update.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  223. Stephanie J. Mott, Rick L. Moncrief, and Max L. Behensky (Atari Games). (1993). System and method for recursive driver training (US Patent 5,269,687).
    Cited by 1: Ghost Data
  224. Steve Jackson. (1997). Daily Illuminator, March 1997.
    Cited by 1: Point-Buy
  225. Supergiant Games. (2025). Hades II store page. Steam.
    Cited by 1: Random Upgrade Offers
  226. (2004). System and method for playing a cooperative game (US 2004/0160003 A1).
    Cited by 1: Semi-Cooperative
  227. Thatcher Ulrich. (2002). The Dueling Machine (source code and readme).
    Cited by 1: Crowd Blending (duel_readme.txt; dueling_machine.cpp, crowd set-up (sprite variants))
  228. The 3DO Company. (1998). Meridian 59: Revelation, newbie guide (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  229. The 3DO Company. (1998). Meridian 59: Frequently asked questions (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  230. The Forge forums. (2004). Duel of Wits?.
    Cited by 1: Social Conflict
  231. The Henry Ford. Cargoes Game, 1934-1963.
    Cited by 1: Pick-Up and Deliver
  232. The Strong National Museum of Play. (2022). Mayfair Games, Inc. records finding aid.
    Cited by 1: Network and Route Building
  233. Trunks-Boy. (2000). Turret Defense 2ooo1 -Final- (StarCraft map metadata).
    Cited by 1: Tower Defence Pathing
  234. Ubisoft. (2008). Shadowbane official site, news (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Vulnerability Windows
  235. UKGameshows.com. Trust Me.
    Cited by 1: Cooperate or Defect
  236. UltraBoardGames. Piece o' Cake game rules.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose
  237. Valve. (2008). The Gold Rush Update.
    Cited by 1: Achievements
  238. Valve. (2008). Left 4 Dead (Steam store page).
    Cited by 1: Difficulty Settings (About This Game)
  239. Valve. (2013). The International 2013: Interactive Compendium.
    Cited by 1: Appointment Mechanics
  240. Valve. (2016). Dota 2: 7.00 update, gameplay changes.
    Cited by 2: Death Penalty (Respawn time), Skill Trees (Hero Talents)
  241. Valve. (2018). Dota 2: Patch 7.11 notes (official data feed).
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  242. Valve. (2020). Dota 2 patch 7.25.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties (General gameplay)
  243. Valve. (2020). Dota 2 patch 7.26.
    Cited by 1: Kill Streaks and Bounties (General gameplay)
  244. Valve. (2020). Dota 2 patch 7.26b.
    Cited by 1: Last Hitting
  245. Valve. (2021). Dota 2 patch notes 7.29.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups (General updates, runes)
  246. Valve. (2023). Dota 2: Patch 7.33 notes (official data feed).
    Cited by 1: Boss Encounters (Roshan)
  247. Valve. (2023). Dota 2 patch notes 7.33.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups (General updates, runes)
  248. Valve. (2023). Dota 2 patch notes 7.33c.
    Cited by 1: Power-Ups (General updates, Wisdom Rune)
  249. Valve. (2026). Dota 2: Aegis of the Immortal (official item data feed).
    Cited by 1: Boss Encounters
  250. Valve. (2026). Dota 2: Observer Ward (official item data feed).
    Cited by 1: Fog of War
  251. Valve. (2026). Dota 2: Axe (official hero data feed).
    Cited by 2: Fog of War, Threat and Aggro (Berserker's Call)
  252. Verant Interactive. (1999). EverQuest patch message, 7 June 1999 (fan mirror).
    Cited by 1: Procs
  253. Verant Interactive. (2000). EverQuest manual supplement (Wayback capture).
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  254. Victoria and Albert Museum. Snap, John Jaques & Son.
    Cited by 1: Pattern Recognition
  255. Victoria and Albert Museum. Pit card game.
    Cited by 1: Trading
  256. William James Hillis. (1894). Game (US Patent 516,789).
    Cited by 1: Ball Possession (Rules for playing)
  257. William Janson Roche. (1906). Game (US Patent 836,537).
    Cited by 1: Take That (Specification, delay and remedy cards)
  258. Winio Team. (2026). Buyback (Dota 2 glossary).
    Cited by 1: Death Penalty
  259. Wizards of the Coast. (2000). Fact or Fiction (Invasion) card text.
    Cited by 1: Divide and Choose

Interviews

  1. BuckGB with Chris Wilson. (2019). GB Feature: Path of Exile 2 Interview. GameBanshee.
    Cited by 1: Socketing
  2. Dean Sharpe and Andrey Prokhorov. (2010). Developer Interview: Metro 2033. The Sixth Axis.
    Cited by 1: Commodity Currency
  3. Ed Smith (GamesRadar+). (2025). "We never planned the game to be for everyone": How Escape from Tarkov pioneered a new era of FPS.
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss
  4. f2p.com. (2014). Interview: Albion Online's community manager.
    Cited by 1: Security Zones
  5. Jason Winter. (2016). Interview: Scrying the Future In Path of Exile's Prophecy Update. MMOBomb.
    Cited by 1: Seasonal Leagues
  6. Justin Olivetti (Engadget). (2010). The Game Archaeologist's fear and loathing in the Kingdom: Interrogating Mr. Skullhead.
    Cited by 1: Prestige Resets
  7. Matt Thrower. Twenty Questions with Mac Gerdts.
    Cited by 1: Rondel
  8. Nick Breckon (Shacknews), with Doug Lombardi. (2008). Left 4 Dead Interview: Versus Mode, Demo Details, and the Joy of Vomit.
    Cited by 1: Side Swapping
  9. Satoru Iwata with Hideki Konno. (2008). Iwata Asks: Mario Kart Wii.
    Cited by 1: Ghost Data (Bringing Racers Together, 5. Mario Kart goes global)
  10. Satoru Iwata with Nintendo developers. (2011). Iwata Asks: The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time 3D – Original Development Staff, Part 1.
    Cited by 1: Lock-On Targeting (3. 'Let's Go to Toei Kyoto Studio Park!')
  11. (1987). Street Fighter 1987 developer interview (Takashi Nishiyama and Hiroshi Matsumoto).
    Cited by 1: Hitboxes and Hurtboxes (Originally in Gamest; English translation by shmuplations, 2025)
  12. Tyler Wilde (PC Gamer). (2017). How Albion Online is making EVE's ruthless territory battles accessible to small guilds.
    Cited by 2: Full-Loot Loss, Security Zones
  13. Worlds Factory. (2013). Albion Online interview: the heritage of Ultima Online.
    Cited by 1: Full-Loot Loss